Modified T² Statistics for Improved Detection of Aided Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials in Hearing-Impaired Infants

Abstract

The cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) is a change in neural activity in response to sound, and is of interest for audiological assessment of infants, especially those who use hearing aids. Within this population, CAEP waveforms are known to vary substantially across individuals, which makes detecting the CAEP through visual inspection a challenging task. It also means that some of the best automated CAEP detection methods used in adults are probably not suitable for this population. This study therefore evaluates and optimizes the performance of new and existing methods for aided (i.e., the stimuli are presented through subjects’ hearing aid(s)) CAEP detection in infants with hearing loss. Methods include the conventional Hotellings T2 test, various modified q-sample statistics, and two novel variants of T2 statistics, which were designed to exploit the correlation structure underlying the data. Various additional methods from the literature were also evaluated, including the previously best-performing methods for adult CAEP detection. Data for the assessment consisted of aided CAEPs recorded from 59 infant hearing aid users with mild to profound bilateral hearing loss, and simulated signals. The highest test sensitivities were observed for the modified T2 statistics, followed by the modified q-sample statistics, and lastly by the conventional Hotelling's T2 test, which showed low detection rates for ensemble sizes <80 epochs. The high test sensitivities at small ensemble sizes observed for the modified T2 and q-sample statistics are especially relevant for infant testing, as the time available for data collection tends to be limited in this population.

Application of Hotelling T2 Control Diagram to Analyze Drinking Water Quality Control at Perumda Tirtauli Pematang Siantar City

“…To see the quality of water, it is necessary to pay attention to the results of laboratory tests every day. Where what is checked every day is Ph Water and Chlorine Residual (Chesnaye, et al, 2023). From the research to be carried out using several variables so that the authors use the Hotelling T-Control Diagram to implement Quality Control.…”