Modified Vortex-assisted Surfactant-enhanced Emulsification Microextraction using Methyl Benzoate for the Preconcentration of Fungicides in Fruit Juice Samples and Determination by High-performance Liquid Chromatography

A simple co-precipitation sorbent-based preconcentration method for the analysis of fungicides in water and juice samples by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection

“…Meanwhile, solventbased extraction strategies such as micellar extraction, salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) (Wen et al 2013), and conventional DLLME using nonionic surfactants, acetonitrile, and chloroform as extraction solvents were found to have some limitations, including a high incubation temperature and long extraction time, the high salty solution required for extraction efficiency, and the use of toxic chlorinated solvent. The previous works using methyl salicylate, methyl benzoate, ethyl salicylate, and ethyl benzoate as extraction solvents (Santaladchaiyakit et al 2015(Santaladchaiyakit et al , 2017(Santaladchaiyakit et al , 2019(Santaladchaiyakit et al , 2021a; Santaladchaiyakit and Srijaranai 2014) may be beneficial as an alternative for others. However, in some conditions, salt and a dispersive solvent are required.…”

“…The gradient elution profile of mobile phases containing ACN and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid was used to separate target fungicides (Santaladchaiyakit and Srijaranai 2014;Santaladchaiyakit et al 2015Santaladchaiyakit et al , 2019Santaladchaiyakit et al , 2021a as shown in Additional file 1: Table S1. The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min, and the separation temperature was set to 25 °C.…”

“…Meanwhile, highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) have been widely demonstrated to be effective for single and simultaneous fungicide analysis when combined with several sample preconcentration strategies, including solid-phase extraction (SPE) (Yu et al 2017), dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) (Xu et al 2016), matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MSPD-DLLME) (Liang et al 2021), and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) (Farooq et al 2020), molecularly imprinted SPE (MISPE) (Liang et al 2019), and magnetic SPE (MSPE) (Zheng et al 2020;Zhao et al 2020;Deng et al 2013;Li et al 2020). Meanwhile, solvent-based extraction methods such as standard DLLME (Wu et al 2009), salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) (Wen et al 2013), and liquidliquid microextraction using methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, ethyl benzoate, and ethyl salicylate as alternative extractants (Santaladchaiyakit and Srijaranai 2014;Santaladchaiyakit et al 2015Santaladchaiyakit et al , 2017Santaladchaiyakit et al , 2019Santaladchaiyakit et al , 2021a have also been accepted as promising preconcentration strategies for fungicides in various sample matrices (e.g., food and environmental samples). Although each of these methods has distinct advantages, some limitations have been found, including a long process and tedious procedure, the use of toxic organic solvents, and relatively high solvent consumption.…”