Modifiers and coatings in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry—mechanisms of action (A tutorial review)

Ortner, Hugo M.; Bulska, Ewa; Röhr, Udo; Schlemmer, Gerhard; Weinbruch, Stephan; Welz, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/s0584-8547(02)00140-4

Cited by 110 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Предполагается [27,109], что палладий про-никает в структуру графита, предотвращая ана-логичное проникновение фосфора (см. раздел 2), что приводит к регистрации резкого пика абсорб-ции фосфора без «хвостовой» части.…”

Section: палладийunclassified

A spectral phosphorus determination using its electrothermal and atomization with various chemical modifiers (Review)

Pupyshev¹,

Zaitceva²,

Zaitceva³

2016

АиК

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Section: палладийunclassified

A spectral phosphorus determination using its electrothermal and atomization with various chemical modifiers (Review)

Pupyshev¹,

Zaitceva²,

Zaitceva³

2016

АиК

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“…The migration of palladium within the sub-surface part of the graphite and the formation of intercalation compounds with carbon play a significant role in the permanent performance of the modification. 25,26 This procedure has some advantages: for instance, the reservoir of noble metals in the sub-surface is available for several hundreds of heating cycles contributing to save reagents and analysis time. Also, Pd coating shielded the active sites to reduce the carbon-analyte interaction and prevented carbide formation.…”

Section: Palladium Modification Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra‐Trace Silver Determination in Biological and Water Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Electrodeposition on a Graphite Probe

Moradkhani

Rouhollahi

Shirkhanloo

et al. 2013

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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A rapid and simple procedure was developed for selective and sensitive determination of ultra-trace silver in biological and environmental samples using the electrodeposition on a graphite probe modified with palladium followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Several experimental parameters for the electrodeposition, such as deposition potential, electrolyte concentration, pH of solution and deposition time were optimized. The calibration graph after preconcentration was linear in the range of 10-250 ngL -1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9989 under the optimum conditions for procedure. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) base on (3s) and (10s) were 2.8 ngL -1 and 9.4 ngL -1 respectively. Related standard deviation (RSD) for eight replicate measurements of 100 ngL -1 silver was 4.3%. Samples were digested completely in a closed microwave digestion system using only perchloric acid, and interference owing to various cations was also investigated. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to determine silver in blood, urine and some environmental samples with satisfactory analytical results.

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“…2,[4][5][6][7][8] In the case of refractory elements, which can be related to the wearing of specific parts of engines and turbines, 9 AAS methods are not suitable, since those elements have high boiling points and/or tend to form high melting-point carbides and oxides, leading to low sensitivities. 10 For refractory metals, better limits of detection can be obtained using ICPOES because of the efficient atomization, ionization and excitation achieved in the ICP. 11 In addition, ICPOES allows better precision and repeatability, presents wider linear dynamic ranges (4 to 6 orders of magnitude depending on the element) 11,12 and has multielemental detection capability, while ETAAS is basically a monoelemental technique, although sequential procedures can enable fast sequential detection for 2 or 3 elements.…”

Section: -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Refractory Elements in Used Lubricating Oil by ICPOES Employing Emulsified Sample Introduction and Calibration with Inorganic Standards

2004

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The quantitative determination of wear metals in used lubricating oil is an important application for engine and turbine diagnostic purposes, allowing preventive maintenance (oil changes, equipment overhauls and replacement of components) to be made before the collapse of equipment. 1 The wearing of metals causes solid metal debris of different sizes, metal oxides and metallorganic species, from mechanical wear, oxidative corrosion and chemical corrosion, respectivery. 1-3Several analytical methodologies based on atomic spectrometric techniques have been developed for such purposes. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS) has been one of the techniques of choice, since it tolerates samples of high organic load and, in general, allows good sensitivities to be achieved. 2,[4][5][6][7][8] In the case of refractory elements, which can be related to the wearing of specific parts of engines and turbines, 9 AAS methods are not suitable, since those elements have high boiling points and/or tend to form high melting-point carbides and oxides, leading to low sensitivities. 10 For refractory metals, better limits of detection can be obtained using ICPOES because of the efficient atomization, ionization and excitation achieved in the ICP. 11 In addition, ICPOES allows better precision and repeatability, presents wider linear dynamic ranges (4 to 6 orders of magnitude depending on the element) 11,12 and has multielemental detection capability, while ETAAS is basically a monoelemental technique, although sequential procedures can enable fast sequential detection for 2 or 3 elements. 8 Alternatively, a few ICP-MS methodologies for lubricating oils have been reported. Although these methodologies enabled good sensitivities, ICP-MS has a relatively more complex instrumentation and is thus prone to present problems when samples with a relatively high organic load are introduced, when compared to ICPOES. Because of this later limitation, methodologies for lubricating oil samples use either sample vaporization on a electrothermal device 3 or sample emulsification using very diluted surfactant emulsions (1% of oil). 13 In both cases, analyte oil standards have been employed for the calibration procedures.In general, in order to use a spectrometric technique for analysis, it is necessary to submit samples to some kind of treatment in order to make them compatible to the sample introduction systems and atomizers. The choice of such a preparation procedure is critical for the success of the analytical methodology, and several factors must be considered, such as the cost, preparation time and labor, potential for sample contamination and dilution factor. In the case of atomic emission spectrometry with an ICP source, the sample treatment aim is to reduce the organic load of the sample introduced into the plasma, because it affects its stability, reduces the energy available to analyte ionization and excitation and increases the background emission.14 Those factors are intimately related to the sensitivity of the ICPOES me...

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Modifiers and coatings in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry—mechanisms of action (A tutorial review)

Cited by 110 publications

References 38 publications

A spectral phosphorus determination using its electrothermal and atomization with various chemical modifiers (Review)

A spectral phosphorus determination using its electrothermal and atomization with various chemical modifiers (Review)

Ultra‐Trace Silver Determination in Biological and Water Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Electrodeposition on a Graphite Probe

Determination of Refractory Elements in Used Lubricating Oil by ICPOES Employing Emulsified Sample Introduction and Calibration with Inorganic Standards

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