“…Fireworks, a prevalent feature of celebratory events worldwide, pose a significant threat to air quality and public health due to their widespread usage. − The Chinese Spring Festival (SF), celebrated from New Year’s Eve (NYE) to the 15th day [Lantern Festival (LF)] of the Lunar New Year, is marked by extensive fireworks and firecracker displays, raising environmental pollution and public health concerns. , Both NYE and LF hold cultural significance and are celebrated with nationwide nocturnal firework displays. Firework emissions release substantial amounts of gaseous pollutants and particles, which include organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), − elemental carbon (EC), , inorganic salts (i.e., sulfate, nitrate, chloride, potassium, chlorate, and perchlorate), and metals like Al, Cu, Ba, Sr, Mg, and Ti. − These emissions pose a challenge for dispersion within a stable nocturnal boundary layer and tend to accumulate near the ground, thereby deteriorating air quality. ,, Even with the use of environmentally friendly fireworks, their extensive utilization can still have a detrimental impact on air quality, potentially inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species and acute respiratory infections such as coughing, fever, rhinitis, asthma exacerbation, and pneumonia due to inhalation of dense smoke containing toxic chemicals including heavy metals and PAHs. ,, …”