Molecular Characterization of Differences between the Tomato Immune Receptors Flagellin Sensing 3 and Flagellin Sensing 2

Roberts, R. H.; Liu, Alexander E.; Wan, Lingwei; Geiger, Annie M.; Hind, Sarah R.; Rosli, Hernán G.; Martin, Gregory B.

doi:10.1104/pp.20.00184

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…To examine whether this is a general effect on PRRs, we tested whether CK influences the signaling of the LRR-receptor-like kinase (RLK)-type PRR FLS2. FLS2 is very different from LeEIX2 in its structure, specificity, and regulation [ 20 , 22 , 23 ]. Figure 1 demonstrates that CK affects cellular distribution of FLS2, increasing its presence at the PM.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have found that in addition to the xylanase receptor-like protein (RLP) LeEIX2, CK also affects the distribution of the flagellin receptor-like kinase (RLK) flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2), increasing its presence in the plasma membrane. FLS2, first characterized in Arabidopsis, acts as the PRR for the bacterial PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern) flagellin [ 22 ] in several plant species [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Furthermore, CK enhances the cellular response to the 22-amino-acid, flagellin-derived peptide flg22, and flg22 sensing activates the CK response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytokinin Modulates Cellular Trafficking and the Cytoskeleton, Enhancing Defense Responses

Pizarro

Muñoz

Marash

et al. 2021

Cells

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The plant hormone cytokinin (CK) plays central roles in plant development and throughout plant life. The perception of CKs initiating their signaling cascade is mediated by histidine kinase receptors (AHKs). Traditionally thought to be perceived mostly at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to receptor localization, CK was recently reported to be perceived at the plasma membrane (PM), with CK and its AHK receptors being trafficked between the PM and the ER. Some of the downstream mechanisms CK employs to regulate developmental processes are unknown. A seminal report in this field demonstrated that CK regulates auxin-mediated lateral root organogenesis by regulating the endocytic recycling of the auxin carrier PIN1, but since then, few works have addressed this issue. Modulation of the cellular cytoskeleton and trafficking could potentially be a mechanism executing responses downstream of CK signaling. We recently reported that CK affects the trafficking of the pattern recognition receptor LeEIX2, influencing the resultant defense output. We have also recently found that CK affects cellular trafficking and the actin cytoskeleton in fungi. In this work, we take an in-depth look at the effects of CK on cellular trafficking and on the actin cytoskeleton in plant cells. We find that CK influences the actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane compartments, both in the context of defense signaling—where CK acts to amplify the signal—as well as in steady state. We show that CK affects the distribution of FLS2, increasing its presence in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, CK enhances the cellular response to flg22, and flg22 sensing activates the CK response. Our results are in agreement with what we previously reported for fungi, suggesting a fundamental role for CK in regulating cellular integrity and trafficking as a mechanism for controlling and executing CK-mediated processes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinin Modulates Cellular Trafficking and the Cytoskeleton, Enhancing Defense Responses

Pizarro

Muñoz

Marash

et al. 2021

Cells

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“…This observation broadly corresponds with that reported for S. pimpinellifolium [ 5 ] and S. lycopersicum , cv. Rio Grande [ 29 ]. It appears that the FlgII-28 extended ROS response is conserved in all solanaceous species that respond to FlgII-28 [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rio Grande [ 29 ]. It appears that the FlgII-28 extended ROS response is conserved in all solanaceous species that respond to FlgII-28 [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Altered metabolomic states elicited by Flg22 and FlgII-28 in Solanum lycopersicum: intracellular perturbations and metabolite defenses

et al. 2021

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Background Surveillance of potential pathogens is a key feature of plant innate immunity. For non-self-recognition plants rely on the perception of pathogen-derived molecules. Early post-perception events activate signaling cascades, leading to the synthesis of defense-related proteins and specialized metabolites, thereby providing a broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage. This study was concerned with tracking changes in the tomato plant metabolome following perception of the flagellum-derived elicitors (Flg22 and FlgII-28). Results Following an untargeted metabolomics workflow, the metabolic profiles of a Solanum lycopersicum cultivar were monitored over a time range of 16–32 h post-treatment. Liquid chromatography was used to resolve the complex mixture of metabolites and mass spectrometry for the detection of differences associated with the elicitor treatments. Stringent data processing and multivariate statistical tools were applied to the complex dataset to extract relevant metabolite features associated with the elicitor treatments. Following perception of Flg22 and FlgII-28, both elicitors triggered an oxidative burst, albeit with different kinetic responses. Signatory biomarkers were annotated from diverse metabolite classes which included amino acid derivatives, lipid species, steroidal glycoalkaloids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives, as well as flavonoids. Conclusions An untargeted metabolomics approach adequately captured the subtle and nuanced perturbations associated with elicitor-linked plant defense responses. The shared and unique features characterizing the metabolite profiles suggest a divergence of signal transduction events following perception of Flg22 vs. FlgII-28, leading to a differential reorganization of downstream metabolic pathways.

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The molecular dynamics between reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and phytohormones in plant’s response to biotic stress

Gogoi,

Borgohain

et al. 2024

Plant Cell Rep

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Molecular Characterization of Differences between the Tomato Immune Receptors Flagellin Sensing 3 and Flagellin Sensing 2

Cited by 27 publications

References 70 publications

Cytokinin Modulates Cellular Trafficking and the Cytoskeleton, Enhancing Defense Responses

Cytokinin Modulates Cellular Trafficking and the Cytoskeleton, Enhancing Defense Responses

Altered metabolomic states elicited by Flg22 and FlgII-28 in Solanum lycopersicum: intracellular perturbations and metabolite defenses

The molecular dynamics between reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and phytohormones in plant’s response to biotic stress

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