Molecular Docking Simulation of Reported Phytochemical Compounds from Curculigo latifolia Extract on Target Proteins Related to Skin Antiaging

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute significantly to the dermal extracellular matrix changes brought about by intrinsic aging and photoaging from a molecular perspective. 11 Biochemically, in the body, ROS can be produced from a variety of sources, including the mitochondrial electron transport chain, peroxisomal and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized proteins, the Fenton reaction, and enzymes such as cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. 12,13 Under normal conditions without ligand, the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity on the cell surface is inhibited by the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP), which dephosphorylates RTK. However, the cellular chromophore absorbs energy under UV radiation and becomes excited, generating oxidation products and ROS. ROS inhibit RPTP activity by binding to cysteine at the RPTP catalytic site, increasing levels of phosphorylated RTK and triggering downstream signalling pathways, including activation of mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) and transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). 3,14 In photoaged skin, activated NF-kB and AP-1 decrease collagen synthesis and enhance MMP gene transcription. In addition, the photoaging effect activates an increase in neutrophil elastase influx as a result of induction of the occurring angiogenesis so that the elastin network is degraded and triggers the appearance of wrinkles on the skin. 15,16 Another effect caused by photoaging is the activation of tyrosinase, which causes the formation of eumelanin and hyperpigmentation clinically associated with aging. [17][18][19] Cosmetics are commonly used to deal with premature aging, but most are made of synthetic materials whose continued use causes adverse effects. Products made from natural ingredients with mild side effects needs to be developed as antiaging agents. 20,21 Various plants are rich in antioxidant compounds that can protect the skin from various