Molecular dynamics study of neutral and charged water clusters

Vostrikov, A. A.; Drozdov, S. V.; Rudnev, V.; Kurkina, L. I.

doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2004.12.073

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…where m n, where large proton clusters are known as H 3 O + (H 2 O) 20 (Hulthe et al, 1997;Laakso et al, 2006;Vostrikov et al, 2006;Parts et al, 2007;Luts et al, 2009). A positive value of droplet surface potential (+0.1 V) indicates that the water dipoles are preferentially oriented with the negative pole toward the gas phase, while the positive pole is oriented towards the liquid phase (Parfenyuk, 2002).…”

Section: Air Ions In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

et al. 2012

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Abstract. During a three-year field campaign of measuring waterfall generated ions, we monitored five different waterfalls in the Austrian Alps. Most measurements were performed at the Krimml waterfall (Salzburg, Austria), which is the biggest waterfall in Europe, and the Gartl waterfall (Mölltal, Austria). We characterized spatial, time and size distributions of waterfall-generated ions under the influence of surrounding topography. The smallest ions with boundary diameters of 0.9, 1.5 and 2 nm, were measured with a cylindrical air ion detector (CDI-06), while ion sizes from 5.5 to 350 nm were measured using a modified Grimm SMPS aerosol spectrometer. High negative ion concentration gradients are detected in the vicinity of the waterfalls, whereas the increase of positive ions was only moderate. Ions in the nano range were the most abundant at 2 nm, and at 120 nm in the sub-micrometer range.

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Section: Air Ions In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

et al. 2012

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“…Recently, several authors have discussed charge formation (e.g., ion evaporation, the Coulomb explosion, charge residue) in liquid droplets (Iribarne and Thomson, 1976;Znamenskiy et al, 2003Znamenskiy et al, , 2006Vostrikov et al, 2006). Their experiments showed that in some cases small ions can separate from evaporating charged droplets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterfalls as sources of small charged aerosol particles

et al. 2007

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Abstract. In this study, we measured the mobility distributions of cluster and intermediate ions with an ion spectrometer near a waterfall. We observed that the concentration of negative 1.5-10 nm ions was one-hundred fold higher than a reference point 100 m away from the waterfall. Also, the concentration of positive intermediate ions was found to be higher than that at the reference point by a factor of ten. This difference was observed only at the smallest sizes; above 10 nm the difference was insignificant.

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“…The specific environment around waterfalls is characterized by these mainly negatively charged “Lenard’s ions” hovering in the air, while the positive-charged fragments sink to the ground [10, 60–62]. The airborne nano-aeorosol is assumed to trigger a variety of biological effects, e.g., mild activation of the immune system, inducing a balance between TH1/TH2 immunity, stabilizing the autonomous nervous system, and improving blood flow [16, 63–65].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does waterfall aerosol influence mucosal immunity and chronic stress? A randomized controlled clinical trial

Grafetstätter

Gaisberger

Proßegger

et al. 2017

J Physiol Anthropol

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BackgroundThe specific microclimate of alpine waterfalls with high levels of ionized water aerosols has been suggested to trigger beneficial immunological and psychological effects. In the present three-armed randomized controlled clinical study, we focused on effects on (i) immunological reagibility, on (ii) physiological stress responses, and on (iii) stress-related psychological parameters.MethodsPeople with moderate to high stress levels (n = 65) spent an active sojourn with daily hiking tours in the National Park Hohe Tauern (Großkirchheim, Austria). Half of the group was exposed to water aerosol of an alpine waterfall for 1 h/day (first arm, n = 33), whereas the other half spent the same time at a distant site (second arm, n = 32). A third arm (control, n = 26) had no intervention (except vaccination) and stayed at home, maintaining their usual lifestyle. The effect of the interventions on the immune system was tested by oral vaccination with an approved cholera vaccine and measuring specific salivary IgA antibody titers. Lung function was determined by peak expiratory flow measurement. Electric skin conductance, heart rate, and adaption of respiration rate were assessed as physiological stress parameters. Psychological stress-related parameters were analyzed by questionnaires and scales.ResultsCompared to the control group, both intervention groups showed improvement of the lung function and of most physiological stress test parameters. Analysis of the mucosal immune response revealed a waterfall-specific beneficial effect with elevated IgA titers in the waterfall group. In line with these results, exposure to waterfall revealed an additional benefit concerning psychological parameters such as subjective stress perception (measured via visual analog scale), the Global Severity Index (GSI), and the Positive Symptom Total (PST).ConclusionsOur study provides new data, which strongly support an “added value” of exposure to waterfall microclimate when combined with a therapeutic sojourn at high altitude including regular physical activity.

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Molecular dynamics study of neutral and charged water clusters

Cited by 23 publications

References 35 publications

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

Waterfalls as sources of small charged aerosol particles

Does waterfall aerosol influence mucosal immunity and chronic stress? A randomized controlled clinical trial

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