Molecular Pathways Related to Sulforaphane as Adjuvant Treatment: A Nanomedicine Perspective in Breast Cancer

Abstract

Because cancer is a multifactorial disease, it is difficult to identify the specific agents responsible for the disease’s progression and development, but lifestyle and diet have been shown to play a significant role. Diverse natural compounds are demonstrating efficacy in the development of novel cancer therapies, including sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanate-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane), a compound found in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables that promotes key biological processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and suppression of key signalling pathways such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in breast cancer cells. However, one of the primary challenges with sulforaphane treatment is its low solubility in water and oral bioavailability. As a consequence, several investigations were conducted using this component complexed in nanoparticles, which resulted in superior outcomes when combined with chemotherapy drugs. In this study, we discuss the properties and benefits of sulforaphane in cancer therapy, as well as its ability to form complexes with nanomolecules and chemotherapeutic agents that synergize the antitumour response in breast cancer cells.

RETRACTED: Sulforaphane triggers iron overload-mediated ferroptosis in gastric carcinoma cells by activating the PI3K/IRP2/DMT1 pathway

“…9 Moreover, SFN could modulate the signal transduction of PI3K in many diseases. 10 Iron has essential roles in gastric development, cell proliferation, as well as cytoplasmic protein and mitochondrial functions. Moreover, the excess accumulation of iron in cancer cells can promote cell death by a ferroptosis-dependent manner, including gastric carcinoma cells.…”

“…16,17 As description above, SFN was found to modulate PI3K/IRP2/DMT1 axis to mediate iron homeostasis in cancer cells. [8][9][10] Thus, in this study, we assessed the impacts of SFN on intracellular iron homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and cell viability in MGC-803 cells. Moreover, we identified a possible regulatory role of the PI3K/IRP2/DMT1 signaling pathway in SFN-triggered tumor cell death.…”

Broccoli-Derived Glucoraphanin Activates AMPK/PGC1α/NRF2 Pathway and Ameliorates Dextran-Sulphate-Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice

“…In addition, the risk of colorectal cancer is dramatically increased in patients diagnosed with colitis [ 25 ]. SFN exhibits anticancer properties in cell culture and animal models through different pathways and mechanisms [ 26 , 27 ]. SFN can block HT29 human colon cancer cells in G 2 -M Phase and induce cell apoptosis [ 28 ].…”

Synergic Role of Dietary Bioactive Compounds in Breast Cancer Chemoprevention and Combination Therapies

“…Their high per capita consumption makes them a great source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and especially phytochemicals [ 116 ]. Numerous studies have shown that consuming cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts), which contain phytochemicals, might reduce the risk of developing cancer [ 117 , 118 ]. Cruciferous vegetables have many beneficial effects that can be attributed to the high content of sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)-butane) and indole glucosinolates.…”

“…Cruciferous vegetables have many beneficial effects that can be attributed to the high content of sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)-butane) and indole glucosinolates. These compounds are metabolites derived from glucosinolates and play pivotal roles in various biological processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, angiogenesis, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory related signaling pathways and genes [ 117 , 118 ]. Glucosinolates derive from glucose and amino acids, and their side chains contain various modifications.…”