Molecular Profiling of Class I Integron Gene in MDR Salmonella typhi Isolates

Abstract

Typhoid fever is a paramount reason for horribleness that more mortal sin “around the sum ages aggregations clinched alongside iraq it initiated by salmonella typhi. Salmonella typhi is diagnosed serologically by the Widal test and confirmed by vitek and using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based amplification of DNA from the bacterial samples of typhoid fever patients. The present study was designed to detect class I integron gene encoding antimicrobial of S. typhi using appropriate primers by PCR. These isolates of this study were collected from postgraduate laboratories (Prepared samples in vitro prepared diagnostics), they were a previous collected from carried out in Al Najaf provenance, throughout those period from July 2018 on March 2019 including 231 cases from blood, stool samples collected from patients suffering from typhoid fever were attended to Al-Sader Medical City and Al-Hakim General Hospital in Al-Najaf province. Biochemically tests and monovalent antisera gave 117 (50.64%) positive result S. typhi isolates and confirmed by Vitek system and PCR which showed positive result 59 (50.42%). Fifty nine isolates of S. typhi, were collected from patients with typhoid fever that distributed to 40/59 (34 %) from blood , 19/59 (15.1%) stool. Molecular detection revealed that most isolates of S. typhi were positive results to (intI) gene 43/59 isolate (the specific primer (intI) gene for S. typhi bacteria was designed in this study by using bioinformatics programs with NCBI website). According to the different diagnostic above, Vitek and PCR method were more sensitivity technique for S. typhi detection among typhoid patients. The results of virulence factors of S.typhi isolates were negative results for gelatinase, hemolysin, protease and capsulated. Multidrug resistance (MDR) of S. typhi isolates were represented by 18 antibiotics resistance to class and sub class of antibiotic. All S. typhi isolates appeared high resistance 100% to Aztreonam (AZM15), Nitrofurantion (F), Amoxicillin/clavulanicacid (AMC30), (PY25), Clarithromycin (CLR), Cefoxitin (FOX30), Penecillin(P10), Cefotaxime (CTX30), ampicillin (AMP), Meropenem (MEM), Tetracycline(TE30). Also resistance of isolates that revealed 91% to Impinem (IP ), 88% Ampicillin (AM10), 85%Amoxillin (AX), 81% Gentamicin (CN10), 80% Chloramphenicol (C30), 74% Cefpirome (CPR) and 68% Carbenicillin (CB).

Molecular characterization of quinolones resistant Salmonella typhi isolates from patients infected with Typhoid fever in Al-Najaf province, Iraq

“…In the current study, only 32(13%) positive blood cultures identified as S.typhi depend on colony morphology on culture medium, biochemical testing, and the automated GN Vitek-2 system. Compared to our study, hospitals in Najaf, Iraq, reported a higher rate of culture-positive typhoid fever cases in 2017 and 2020 (29,30). The high prevalence of the S.typhi strain in Iraq and other Middle Eastern countries is consistent with data stating that 80 % of S.typhi -infected patients originate from the Asian continent, while the remainder is primarily from Africa and Latin America (31).…”

Detection of Plasmid-mediated qnr Genes among the Quinolone Resistant Salmonella typhi from Patients Attending University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria

“…"This study used 150 stool samples collected from patients with suspected typhoid fever to isolate and diagnose S.typhi. In the current study, only 13(8.7%) positive samples identified as S.typhi based on colony morphology on culture medium, biochemical testing amongst others, This is lower than reports from a study of hospitals in Najaf, Iraq, where a higher rate of culture-positive typhoid fever isolates was reported in 2017 and 2020" [19,20].…”

Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Salmonella Typhi: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“… Forest plot showing the pooled prevalence of gyrA gene in resistant S. Typhi isolates estimated by a random effect model of meta-analysis. (91.3%, I 2 : 93.99, 95% CI: 84.1–95.5, p -value < 0.001) [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. …”