Molecular Signaling and Cellular Pathways for Virus Entry

Abstract

The cell signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating cellular processes and is often manipulated by viruses as they rely on the functions offered by cells for their propagation. The first stage of their host life is to pass the genetic materials into the cell. Although some viruses can directly penetrate into cytosol, in fact, most virus entry into their host cells is through endocytosis. This machinery initiates with cell type specific cellular signaling pathways, and the signaling compounds can be proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The activation can be triggered in a very short time after virus binds on target cells, such as receptors. The signaling pathways involved in regulation of viral entry are wide diversity that often cross-talk between different endocytosis results. Furthermore, some viruses have the ability to use the multiple internalization pathways which leads to the regulation being even more complex. In this paper, we discuss some recent advances in our understanding of cellular pathways for virus entry, molecular signaling during virus entry, formation of endocytic vesicles, and the traffic.

Entry of PIP3-containing polyplexes into MDCK epithelial cells by local apical-basal polarity reversal

“…In previous work we showed that β1-integrin receptors, that normally mediate cell-cell and cell-ECM contact, play a role in the internalization of non-viral gene delivery vectors by MDCK cells 11 . Likewise, integrins are exploited by viruses to attach to and infect epithelial cells 19 20 . Izmailyan and colleagues found that vaccinia virus invasion through β1-integrin activates PI3K/Akt signaling 21 .…”

Structural Basis of Poxvirus Transcription: Vaccinia RNA Polymerase Complexes

“…Upon infection, Vaccinia virus enters the cell via micropinocytosis and becomes uncoated (Chi and Liu, 2012;Moss, 2012). Whereas the viral genome is silent in these initial events, all subsequent steps of the replication cycle are dependent on viral transcription and translation processes.…”

Critical roles of cytokine storm and bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells

“…Generally, cellular signaling networks are required for replication, translation, nuclear membrane transport, capsid assembly, and dispersion, as well as the reactivation of virus latency to produce infectious virus (Chi and Liu 2013 ). On the other hand, the immune system is equipped with a sophisticated mechanism that can respond to a variety of infections (Klimpel 1996 ; Chaplin 2010 ).…”