Molecular Structure, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of COVID-19

Abstract

Recently, a new coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. SARS-CoV-2 caused a global epidemic (COVID-19), which continues to kill thousands of people around the world today. With an exclusively interhuman transmission mode, in the absence of a vaccine, the spreading of this new coronavirus is accelerating remarkably. With the studies of the molecular biology of the virus, molecular and serological diagnostic tests are implemented. However, the pathophysiology is not well understood and variable, which gives different symptoms, with a significant mortality rate. Indeed, several organs such as the lungs, brain, kidneys, immune system, and heart are affected directly and/or indirectly.

Synergistic surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect to distinguish live SARS-CoV-2 S pseudovirus

“…In our previous studies (Chang et al [ 2 ], 2011; Sitjar et al, 2019), by taking these two substrates in measuring physically adsorbed R6G and pesticide molecules in solution, calibration plots produced by the linear trend in the logarithmic scale between the 1360 cm −1 peak intensities and concentrations were obtained. The limit of detection for the probe molecules could reach to a very small quantity.…”

“…The spread of the infectious novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which started on December 2020 has caused a significant negative impact on the world economy and security [ 1 ], resulting in a global urgent emergency situation that calls for efforts of public health sectors in containing further spread of the disease by thorough screening and diagnostic methods [ 2 ]. Although infected individuals show signs and symptoms of the disease, which resembles that of a common flu, e.g., fever, nasal congestion, sore throats, loss of smell and taste, etc.…”

Miniaturized Real-Time PCR systems for SARS-CoV-2 detection at the Point-of-Care

“…SARS-CoV-2 infection may manifest with either a wide range of symptoms, with different degree of severity, or no symptoms at all, running silent in the individual. Prevalent clinical features are fever (body temperature above or equal to 38°C), fatigue, vomiting, myalgia, sputum production, headache, hemoptysis, diarrhea [6] , cough, sore throat, [7] and dyspnea [8] . The most serious cases are affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome and require oxygen supplies and intervention in the Intensive Care Units.…”

Association Between Erythrocyte Indices and Covid-19 Severity

“…Although ACE2 is expressed in nearly all human organs, it is most abundant in type II alveolar epithelial cells, making the lungs the primary target of SARS-CoV-2. Nonstructural proteins such as ORF1ab, ORF3a, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF10, and ORF8 also contribute to the formation of this virus (Belmehdi et al, 2021), (Hamming et al, 2004.…”