“…Numerous catalysts are recommended to prepare arylidene Meldrum's acid and barbituric acid derivatives through Knoevenagel condensation. These catalysts are metal salt, pyridine under reflux and water removal by Dean–Stark32a, b piperidine/glacial acetic acid in benzene,32c, d sodium hydroxide, NAP (3‐aminopropylated silica gel), neutral alumina, kaolin, a potassium exchanged zirconium hydrogen phosphate Zr(O 3 POK) 2 as a heterogeneous basic catalyst, NAP (3‐aminopropylated silica gel), triethyl ammonium formate, pyrrolidine/acetic acid in dry benzene for arylidene Meldrum's acid and sulfonic acid functionalized nanoporous silica (SBA‐Pr‐SO 3 H), BF 3 /nano γ ‐Al 2 O 3, Copper oxide Nanoparticles (CuO‐NPs), 2‐Amino‐3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid ( L ‐tyrosine), CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles, aminosulfonic acid (NH 2 SO 3 H), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone stabilized nickel nanoparticles (PVP‐Ni‐Nps), 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐ methylimmidazolium tetrafluoroborate ( [bmim]BF 4 ), Ethylenediammonium diacetate (EAN), Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB), sodium acetate ( CH 3 COONa), Ce 1 MgxZr 1‐x O 2 (CMZO) and ZrO 2 /S BiCl 3, ZnO, and SiO 2 .12WO 3 .24H 2 O NH 2 SO 3 H and K 2 NiP 2 O 7 for arylidene (thio) barbituric acid synthesis.…”