“…Satellite-based remote sensing provides extensive coverage and allows for the monitoring of air pollution on a global scale. It measures various parameters, including aerosol optical depth, tropospheric ozone, and nitrogen dioxide concentrations (Demetillo et al, 2020;Chudnovsky, 2021;Muthukumar et al, 2021;Pathakoti et al, 2021;Roy, 2021;Xiong et al, 2021;Ji et al, 2022;Scheibenreif et al, 2022;Zhu et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022;Abu El-Magd et al, 2023;Wang et al, 2023). Ground-based remote sensing techniques, such as lidar and sun photometry, provide detailed information about the vertical profiles of pollutants and can be used to validate satellite measurements.…”