Monitoring and control strategies for mealybug of persimmon in Australia

Bignell, Gavin P.; Senior, L.; Oag, David

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2018.1195.22

Cited by 3 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In addition some mealybugs can be accidentally removed with the soil. Similar problems were described by Bignell et al 2018 using this mealybug sampling method.…”

Section: Belowground Mealybugsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Previous field works evaluating the mealybug life cycle in temperate climates wrongly assumed that the tree trunk, or some other areas within the tree canopy were considered the main overwintering sites (see Franco, 1992;Geiger & Daane, 2001;Cid et al, 2010;Bignell et al, 2018). However, the results of our novel, specific sampling method give a clear insight into the importance of the role played by the rhizosphere in the life-cycle of these insects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, studies trying to find overwintering mealybugs belowground, on adventitious plant roots and on fruit tree roots, did not obtain any result in this respect (Klein, 1994;Franco et al, 2000;Cid et al, 2010;Bignell et al, 2018). Thus authors assumed that ground presence was accidental and irrelevant.…”

Section: Studied Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a model for this study we used the binome mealybugs-persimmon fruit trees. The oriental persimmon tree, Diospyros kaki, native of China, has become widespread in the Mediterranean basin during last decades (Giunchi et al, 1988;Orobal et al, 2012;FAOSTAT, 2019) and in many countries such as the Republic of Korea, Japan, Brazil, Chile, United States and Australia (Wakgari & Giliomee, 2004;Pacheco da Silva et al, 2016;Bignell et al, 2018;FAOSTAT, 2019;Ames, 2021). In most of these countries mealybugs have been reported as a serious pest, and this is also the case in eastern Spain (Alonso-Muñoz et al, 2004;Tena et al, 2015), the region where this study was performed.…”

Section: Studied Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Females of several mealybug species have been reported to migrate during the winter from the plant canopy toward the basal parts of the trunks, mostly on citrus trees and vineyards (Longo, 1986;Franco, 1992;Geiger & Daane, 2001;Cid et al, 2010). However, until now, the presence of mealybugs at ground level was considered accidental and insignificant being considered the tree canopy or the trunk the main overwintering areas (Rivnay, 1961;Klein, 1994;Franco et al, 2000;Bignell et al, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mealybug insects as models of a previously undescribed overwintering behavior

Vercher

González

Sánchez-Domingo

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Insects, whose body temperature depends on ambient temperature, often take refuge under the soil surface to survive unfavorable winter conditions. Considering the strategies used to cope with cold winter temperatures insects are classified into several groups. Here we propose a new group of insects with a previously unreported overwintering strategy taking as a model the mealybug insect family. Using specifically designed sampling methods we found that these sap-sucking insects, which spend half of the year feeding and reproducing on the plant canopy, move to the rhizosphere during the winter to feed on tree roots and reproduce. Our results show that the preferred area to overwinter for the main female mealybug species is within 1 meter around a fruit tree trunk, where more than 25000 mealybug males per square meter can emerge every spring. This unique adaptive strategy allows these aboveground herbivores to turn into belowground root feeders during the winter.

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“…In addition some mealybugs can be accidentally removed with the soil. Similar problems were described by Bignell et al 2018 using this mealybug sampling method.…”

Section: Belowground Mealybugsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Studied Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Studied Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mealybug insects as models of a previously undescribed overwintering behavior

Vercher

González

Sánchez-Domingo

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Risk assessment of Retithrips syriacus for the EU

Bragard,

Baptista,

Chatzivassiliou

et al. 2024

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a quantitative risk assessment for the EU of Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a polyphagous thrips, regarded as a tropical/ subtropical pest occurring in several countries of Africa, South America, Asia and in the EU in Cyprus. The current risk assessment focused on potential pathways for entry, the climatic conditions allowing establishment, the expected spread capacity and the impact considering a time horizon of 10 years (2023)(2024)(2025)(2026)(2027)(2028)(2029)(2030)(2031)(2032). The Panel identified the import of cut roses, persimmons, table grapes, as well as plants for planting of the genera Acalypha and Terminalia from third countries and those of Persea americana (avocado) from Israel as the most relevant entry pathways to consider. Over the next 10 years, an annual median estimate of 95 (90% Certainty Range, CR, ranging from 13 to 1832) potential R. syriacus founder populations per year are expected to successfully transfer to a suitable host in the EU NUTS2 regions where the climatic conditions are predicted as suitable for establishment; this value drops to a median of 4.6 founder populations per year (90% CR: 1 every 1.9 years -85.6 per year) after considering the actual probability of establishment of a potential founder population. The estimated number of founder population per year is mostly driven by the import of cut roses and plants for planting. If such founder populations were to establish, R. syriacus is estimated to spread at a median rate of 0.05 km/year (90% CR 0.02-2.30 km/year) after a median lag phase of 1.1 years (90% CR 0.3-3.3 years). The overall impact on yield (expressed as % of the total agricultural production) directly attributable to R. syriacus when considering: (i) the main R. syriacus hosts in the EU, (ii) the areas of the EU where establishment is possible, (iii) the current agricultural practices and (iv) the evidence of impact from the countries where the pest is established for a long time, was estimated at 0.065% as the median value of the uncertainty distribution (90% CR 0.001%-0.571%). Options for risk reduction are discussed, but the effectiveness was not quantified.

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A Novel Insect Overwintering Strategy: The Case of Mealybugs

Vercher

González

Sánchez-Domingo

et al. 2023

Insects

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Insects have limited ability to regulate their body temperature and have thus required a range of strategies to withstand thermally stressful environments. Under unfavorable winter conditions, insects often take refuge under the soil surface to survive. Here, the mealybug insect family was selected for the study. Field experiments were performed in fruit orchards in eastern Spain. We used specifically designed floor sampling methods combined with fruit tree canopy pheromone traps. We found that in temperate climates, the large majority of the mealybugs move from the tree canopy to the roots during the winter, where they turn into belowground root-feeding herbivores to survive and continue underground the reproductive process. Within the rhizosphere, mealybugs complete at least one generation before emerging on the soil surface. The preferred area to overwinter is within 1 m in diameter around the fruit tree trunk, where more than 12,000 mealybug flying males per square meter can emerge every spring. This overwintering pattern has not previously been reported for any other group of insects showing cold avoidance behavior. These findings have implications at the winter ecology level but also at the agronomical level since treatments to control mealybug pests are, until now, only based on the fruit trees’ canopy.

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Monitoring and control strategies for mealybug of persimmon in Australia

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Mealybug insects as models of a previously undescribed overwintering behavior

Mealybug insects as models of a previously undescribed overwintering behavior

Risk assessment of Retithrips syriacus for the EU

A Novel Insect Overwintering Strategy: The Case of Mealybugs

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