Monitoring and Predicting Land Use-Land Cover (Lulc) Changes Within and Around Krau Wildlife Reserve (Kwr) Protected Area in Malaysia Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Data

Abstract

Natural and anthropogenic activities surrounding a Protected Area (PA) may cause its natural area to change in terms of Land Use-Land Cover (LULC). Thus, there is need of environmental change monitoring within and around PA because of its significant values to ecosystem at conservation scales. Effects and influences of local community within and around PA turn into the major problems for natural resource and conservations management as well as environmental impact assessment. Ascertaining the complex interface in relations to changes and its driving factors over period of time within and around PA is significant in order to predict future LULC changes, build alternative scenarios and serve as tools for decision making. The main objective of this work was to evaluate temporal change detection and prediction of LULC as well as the trends of changes from 1989 to 2016 within and around Krau Wildlife Reserve (KWR). The cloud issues were mitigated by producing cloud free image and object-based image analysis (OBIA) was adopted after a comparison with pixel-based analysis for overall accuracy and kappa statistics. The comparison of classified maps had produced a satisfactory results of overall accuracies of 91%, 86% and 90% for 1989, 2004 and 2016 respectively. The natural/dense forest between periods of 1989-2016 was decreased whereas built-up and agricultural/sparse forest were increased. The simulation model of Land Change Modeler (LCM) was utilized with digital elevation model (DEM) and past LULC maps to project future LULC pattern using Markov chain. The predicted map trend showed an increase of dense forest converted to agricultural/sparse forest in the north-western, and urban/built-up in east-southern part of KWR. The study is important for the conservation of habitat species and monitoring the current status of the KWR

Development of WebGIS using open source geospatial technologies for Krau Wildlife Reserve

“…The KWR aims to conserve the wildlife, particularly Gaur, which may be found in huge populations in places previously inhabited by aborigenes. An Institute of Biodiversity and the National Elephant Conservation Centre are located in the southern half of the reserve, accessible through Lanchang [11].…”

“…Maintaining the wildlife and its habitat through PAs will contribute to the SDGs, especially the 13th and 15th goals that focus on climate change and life on land [9]. Many studies using remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have shown the threats of endangered species and encroachment of PAs [10,11]. A study has been conducted by [12] utilizing Landsat data and machine learning algorithms to perform KWR mapping.…”

A Comprehensive Review of Crop Yield Prediction Using Machine Learning Approaches With Special Emphasis on Palm Oil Yield Prediction

“…Ground information can be acquired from a wide area in a short time via remote sensing. It collects spatial data without any direct contact and has been put to use in fields such as activities as biomass estimation, oil palm disease detection, urban areas, agricultural land, object detection, hazard prediction, and biodiversity monitoring [218]. Numerous studies on oil palm plantation mapping have been carried out in response to the increased demand for oil palm products using remote sensing [136] .…”

Assessing the tropical forest cover change in northern parts of Sonitpur and Udalguri district of Assam, India

“…Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are effective techniques for estimating forest cover change. RS and GIS techniques are used extensively for generating valuable information on forest cover in the tropical areas, land use changes over large areas 14,15,16,17,18,19 and protected areas 12,20,21,22,23 . So far, habitat loss in Kameng and Sonitpur Elephant Reserves 24 , large-scale deforestation in Sonitpur district 15 , and land use/land cover change and fragmentation in Nameri Tiger Reserve 12 are available.…”