Monitoring Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Exposure in Carbon Nanotube Research Facility

Han, Jeong Hee; Lee, Eun Jung; Lee, Ji Hyun; So, Kyeong A; Lee, Young Hee; Bae, Gwi Nam; Lee, Seung-Bok; Ji, Jun Ho; Cho, Myung‐Haing; Yu, Il Je

doi:10.1080/08958370801942238

Cited by 294 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Measurements carried out at factories producing ENM indicate that worker exposure is possible, such as during the production and handling of dry powders [82][83][84][85][86]. However, the extent to which such worker exposure leads to ENM release to the environment is currently unknown.…”

Section: Case Study 5: Carbon Nanotubes In Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Nowack¹,

Ranville²,

Diamond³

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

533

353

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Abstract-The risks associated with exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will be determined in part by the processes that control their environmental fate and transformation. These processes act not only on ENM that might be released directly into the environment, but more importantly also on ENM in consumer products and those that have been released from the product. The environmental fate and transformation are likely to differ significantly for each of these cases. The ENM released from actual direct use or from nanomaterial-containing products are much more relevant for ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment than pristine ENM. Released ENM may have a greater or lesser environmental impact than the starting materials, depending on the transformation reactions and the material. Almost nothing is known about the environmental behavior and the effects of released and transformed ENM, although these are the materials that are actually present in the environment. Further research is needed to determine whether the release and transformation processes result in a similar or more diverse set of ENM and ultimately how this affects environmental behavior. This article addresses these questions, using four hypothetical case studies that cover a wide range of ENM, their direct use or product applications, and their likely fate in the environment. Furthermore, a more definitive classification scheme for ENM should be adopted that reflects their surface condition, which is a result of both industrial and environmental processes acting on the ENM. The authors conclude that it is not possible to assess the risks associated with the use of ENM by investigating only the pristine form of the ENM, without considering alterations and transformation processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:50-59. # 2011 SETAC

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Section: Case Study 5: Carbon Nanotubes In Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Nowack¹,

Ranville²,

Diamond³

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

533

353

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Aerosolization of MWCNTs during weighing, transfer, and sonication was also reported in a laboratory setting. 4 Han et al 5 reported that total particle concentration in a MWCNT production laboratory could be as high as 430 μg/m 3 during weighing, blending, and spraying. MWCNTs (agglomerates and more dispersed structures) represented only a fraction of this total dust.…”

Section: Workplace Exposures To Cnts or Cnfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it would be prudent to minimize inhalation exposure to workers. Han et al 5 have reported that the use of engineering controls can effectively decrease airborne MWCNT concentrations during laboratory synthesis and processing. Similarly, Methner 56 reported that local exhaust ventilation decreased airborne nanoparticle concentrations during reactor clean out by 88%.…”

Section: Effectiveness Of Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Nanosafety Considerations for Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers

2012

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CONSPECTUSCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are carbon atoms arranged in a crystalline graphene lattice with a tubular morphology. CNTs exhibit high tensile strength, possess unique electrical properties, are durable, and can be functionalized. These properties allow applications as structural materials, in electronics, as heating elements, in batteries, in the production of stain-resistant fabric, for bone grafting and dental implants, and for targeted drug delivery. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are strong, flexible fibers that are currently used to produce composite materials.Agitation can lead to aerosolized CNTs and CNFs, and peak airborne particulate concentrations are associated with workplace activities such as weighing, transferring, mixing, blending, or sonication. Most airborne CNTs or CNFs found in workplaces are loose agglomerates of micrometer diameter. However, due to their low density, they linger in workplace air for a considerable time, and a large fraction of these structures are respirable.In rat and mouse models, pulmonary exposure to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), or CNFs causes the following pulmonary reactions: acute pulmonary inflammation and injury, rapid and persistent formation of granulomatous lesions at deposition sites of large CNT agglomerates, and rapid and progressive alveolar interstitial fibrosis at deposition sites of more dispersed CNT or CNF structures.Pulmonary exposure to SWCNTs can induce oxidant stress in aortic tissue and increases plaque formation in an atherosclerotic mouse model. Pulmonary exposure to MWCNTs depresses the ability of coronary arterioles to respond to dilators. These cardiovascular effects may result from neurogenic signals from sensory irritant receptors in the lung. Pulmonary exposure to MWCNTs also upregulates mRNA for inflammatory mediators in selected brain regions, and pulmonary exposure to SWCNTs upregulates the baroreceptor reflex. In addition, pulmonary exposure to MWCNTs may induce levels of inflammatory mediators in the blood, which may affect the cardiovascular system.

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“…reported relatively low short-term (approximately 30 min) airborne mass concentrations of SWCNT (0.007-0.053 mg/m 3 ) in a laboratory production facility. A recent study by Han et al [2008] reported total airborne mass concentrations of MWCNT from 0.21-0.43 mg/m 3 (4-6-hr sampling) in a laboratory research facility prior to use of engineering control measures; after implementing controls, the concentration decreased to nondetectable. Workers could also be exposed to ground CNTs used in polymer composites and other matrices or during cutting, grinding, or polishing of these materials.…”

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to safe nanotechnology: managing the health and safety concerns associated with engineered nanomaterials (withdrawn).

2009

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To receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at Telephone: 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636) TTY: 1-888-232-6348 E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh.For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews by visiting www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews. No. 2009-125 March 2009 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Safer • Healthier • People™Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology iii Nanotechnology-the manipulation of matter on a near-atomic scale to produce new structures, materials, and devices-offers the promise of unprecedented scientific advancement for many sectors, such as medicine, consumer products, energy, materials, and manufacturing. Nanotechnology has the power not only to improve existing technologies, but to dramatically enhance the effectiveness of new applications.Research on the potential applications of nanotechnology continues to expand rapidly worldwide. New nanotechnology consumer products emerge at a rate of three to four per week. Over the course of the next decade, nanotechnology could have a $1 trillion impact on the global economy and employ two million workers-half of them residing in the U.S.While nanomaterials present seemingly limitless possibilities, they bring with them new challenges to understanding, predicting, and managing potential safety and health risks to workers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) remains committed to protecting workers now and in the future, as nanotechnology applications and uses expand.As part of these efforts, in October 2005, NIOSH released for public comment the draft document, Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology: An Information Exchange with NIOSH. Based on feedback received, NIOSH revised and updated the document in July 2006 and sought further public comment. This draft report has been widely cited, and the final version of the report should serve as a vital resource for stakeholders (including occupational safety and health professionals, researchers, policy makers, risk assessors, and workers in the industry) who wish to understand more about the safety and health implications of nanotechnology in the workplace.With the publication of the Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology document, NIOSH hopes to: raise awareness of the occupational safety and health issues involved with nanotechnology; make recommendations on occupational safety and health best practices in the production and use of nanomaterials; facilitate dialogue between NIOSH and its external partners in industry, labor and academia; respond to requests for authoritative safety and health guidelines; and, identify information gaps and areas for future study and research.As our knowledge of nanoscience increases, so too will our efforts to provide valuable guidance on the safe handling of nanoparticles and for protecting the lives and livelihoods of nanotechnology workers.

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Monitoring Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Exposure in Carbon Nanotube Research Facility

Cited by 294 publications

References 14 publications

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Occupational Nanosafety Considerations for Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers

Approaches to safe nanotechnology: managing the health and safety concerns associated with engineered nanomaterials (withdrawn).

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