Monosaccharides versus PEG-Functionalized NPs: Influence in the Cellular Uptake

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) hold great promise for biomedical applications. The core composition and small size of these particles produce superparamagnetic behavior, thus facilitating their use in magnetic resonance imaging and magnetically induced therapeutic hyperthermia. However, the development and control of safe in vivo applications for NPs call for the study of cell-NP interactions and cell viability. Furthermore, as for most biotechnological applications, it is desirable to prevent unspecific cell internalization of these particles. It is also crucial to understand how the surface composition of the NPs affects their internalization capacity. Here, through accurate control over unspecific protein adsorption, size distribution, grafting density, and an extensive physicochemical characterization, we correlated the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake mechanism of 6 nm magnetic NPs coated with several types and various densities of biomolecules, such as glucose, galactose, and poly(ethylene glycol). We found that the density of the grafted molecule was crucial to prevent unspecific uptake of NPs by Vero cells. Surprisingly, the glucose-coated NPs described here showed cellular uptake as a result of lipid raft instead of clathrin-mediated cellular internalization. Moreover, these glucose-functionalized NPs could be one of the first examples of NPs being endocytosed by caveolae that finally end up in the lysosomes. These results reinforce the use of simple carbohydrates as an alternative to PEG molecules for NPs functionalization when cellular uptake is required.

Heparin‐Engineered Mesoporous Iron Metal‐Organic Framework Nanoparticles: Toward Stealth Drug Nanocarriers

“…After intensive washes, membranes were incubated with secondary polyclonal goat antimouse IgG Abs conjugated with alkaline phosphatase diluted 1:2000 at RT for 1 h. The membrane was fi nally revealed with 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/Nitro blue tetrazolium (BCIP/NTB, SigmaAldrich Co.) and quantifi ed using the ChemiDoc XRS imaging system (BioRad Laboratories Inc.). [ 61 ] Cytokines Profi le Evaluation : Cytokine production was evaluated using the kit FlowCytomix kit (Human Th1/Th2 11plex Ready-to-Use FlowCytomix Multiplex, eBioscience, Affi metrix), designed for a simultaneous quantifi cation of several cytokines (IFN-γ , IL-1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p70, TNF-α, and TNF-β). The NP prototypes were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 250 µg mL −1 ) after 24 h of incubation with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, obtained by density gradient using Ficoll-Paque PLUS).…”

Glyconanoparticles for colorimetric bioassays

“…Although different types of nanomaterials including CdS/ZnS quantum dots, [33][34][35][36][37][38] upconverting nanoparticles, 39 magnetic nanoparticles, [40][41][42][43][44][45] and carbon nanotubes, 46 have been used for the synthesis of glyconanoparticles, the intrinsic colour changes associated with the aggregation of noble metal nanoparticles have ensured that these nanoparticles are extensively used for the development of bioassays.…”

Edible Bio-Based Nanostructures: Delivery, Absorption and Potential Toxicity

“…The size, charge and type of coating on nanostructure surface have a strong influence on how they are going to be recognized by the cells [109]. Also, whether the particles are agglomerated or not on the biological fluids [33,101] could strongly modify their uptake.…”