Monoterpenes modulating cytokines - A review

Abstract

Inflammatory response can be driven by cytokine production and is a pivotal target in the management of inflammatory diseases. Monoterpenes have shown that promising profile as agents which reduce the inflammatory process and also modulate the key chemical mediators of inflammation, such as pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The main interest focused on monoterpenes were to develop the analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on monoterpenes that produce anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the release of cytokines, as well as suggesting that which monoterpenoid molecules may be most effective in the treatment of inflammatory disease. Several different inflammatory markers were evaluated as a target of monoterpenes. The proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines were found TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 IL-13, IL-17A, IFNγ, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. Our review found evidence that NF-κB and MAPK signaling are important pathways for the anti-inflammatory action of monoterpenes. We found 24 monoterpenes that modulate the production of cytokines, which appears to be the major pharmacological mechanism these compounds possess in relation to the attenuation of inflammatory response. Despite the compelling evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory effect of monoterpenes, further studies are necessary to fully explore their potential as anti-inflammatory compounds.

Rutaecarpine derivative R3 attenuates atherosclerosis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome‐related inflammation and modulating cholesterol transport

“…MAPK signaling regulates the expression of pro-IL-1β and proinflammatory mediators 28 and intracellular MAPK signaling pathways can also stimulate NF-κB activation. MAPK signaling regulates the expression of pro-IL-1β and proinflammatory mediators 28 and intracellular MAPK signaling pathways can also stimulate NF-κB activation.…”

Dynamics of Intestinal Inflammatory Cytokines and Tight Junction Proteins of Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) During the Development and Recovery of Enteritis Induced by Dietary β-Conglycinin

“…Cytokines are key mediators of cellular interactions in the intestine in both physiology and pathophysiology and could be mainly divided into pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines (Friedrich et al, 2019). During enteritis, the activation of intestinal immune cell may proceed unchecked and lots of cytokines may be released to promote a persistent enteritis (Quintans et al, 2019). The intestinal physical barrier is mainly composed of intestinal epithelial cells and tight junction.…”

Antiedematogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Monoterpene Isopulegol and Its β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) Inclusion Complex in Animal Inflammation Models

“…The administration of carrageenan promotes a significant increase in cytokine levels, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, in the pleural exudate and propagates the inflammatory process systematically [4,77]. TNF-α and IL-1β are responsible for several characteristics of the inflammatory reaction, such as increased body temperature, neutrophil accumulation at the injury site, induction of vascular adhesion molecules and stimulation of acute phase protein synthesis [78][79][80]. Additionally, these two cytokines positively regulate the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and consequently the production of prostaglandins, which are relevant in the inflammatory response [81].…”