Monsoon flood risks in urban areas of Pakistan: A way forward for risk reduction and adaptation planning

Zia, Azka; Rana, Irfan Ahmad; Arshad, Hafiz Syed Hamid; Khalid, Zainab; Nawaz, Adnan

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117652

Cited by 31 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our calculations result in an estimate of 39.7 million people impacted by floods in 2022, similar to independent estimates [2,30]. In comparison to just overlaying flood extent maps with population density maps, our hydrologically informed assessment allows us to evaluate the flood depth to which people were exposed.…”

Section: Results: Values At Risk and Adaptation Opportunities In The ...supporting

confidence: 66%

“…( 1) We derive DEM-based elevation for the entire extent of the flooded area and perform standard procedures for hydrologic conditioning (figure 2(A)). (2) We determine hydrologic connectivity between flooded cells (figure 2(B)). The result is a directed graph of flooded cells that are connected in a downslope direction, i.e.…”

Section: Rapid Flood Stage Estimation For Evaluating Adaptation Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the homes of 30-40 million people were flooded, and 8 million people were permanently displaced. At least 1700 lost their lives [1] and destruction was widespread [2][3][4]. As the floodwaters slowly receded from the vast plains, there was an estimated $30 billion of damage to crops, infrastructure, industry, and livelihoods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Move up or move over: mapping opportunities for climate adaptation in Pakistan’s Indus plains

Schmitt,

Virgüez,

Ashfaq

et al. 2023

Environ. Res. Lett.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The 2022 Indus floods in Pakistan underscore the urgency of adapting to more frequent and severe natural disasters in a warming world. Post-disaster reconstruction offers a chance to built-in adaptation measures, but identifying feasible and cost-effective adaptation options is challenging, especially in data-scarce regions. Here we employ a high-resolution rapid assessment of flood stages combined with demographic data to identify adaptation opportunities and costs for the Indus floodplains. Under a plausible set of assumptions, we find that rebuilding houses in a flood-proof, elevated manner (‘moving up’) or (temporary) relocation (‘moving over’) could have protected 13%, respectively 16% of people affected during the 2022 floods, while the remaining 70% of people were exposed to shallow water levels that could have been addressed with low-cost adaptation. Implementing these measures during ongoing reconstruction could be an effective adaptation to future floods but will come with substantial costs. Rebuilding in a flood-proofed manner (‘moving up’) alone would already increase costs by 26%–63% ($1.5bn–$3.6bn) compared to estimated reconstruction costs without adaptation ($5.8bn). Additional costs would be incurred by relocation and adaptation of other infrastructure. The absence of local flood stage and socio-economic data creates uncertainty and points to future research avenues. Yet, our prototype approach demonstrates the value of rapid assessments for guiding post-disaster adaptation of livelihoods to future floods.

show abstract

Section: Results: Values At Risk and Adaptation Opportunities In The ...supporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Rapid Flood Stage Estimation For Evaluating Adaptation Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Move up or move over: mapping opportunities for climate adaptation in Pakistan’s Indus plains

Schmitt,

Virgüez,

Ashfaq

et al. 2023

Environ. Res. Lett.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These floods cause a considerable loss to urban facilities, including housing, infrastructure, livelihoods, and agricultural lands in the region [3]. Therefore, effective measures for flood risk mitigation are crucial to saving lives and assets [4]. To ensure the efficiency of flood risk mitigation measures in the Gash River at Kassala, it is important to assess the impact and results of both structural and non-structural measures [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Structural and Non-Structural Measures on the Risk of Flash Floods in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study of the Gash River, Kassala, Eastern Sudan

Shuka,

Wang,

Abubakar

et al. 2024

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sediment precipitation in riverbeds influences the effectiveness of structural and non-structural measures for flash flood mitigation and increases the potential for flooding. This study aimed to disclose the effectiveness of the implemented measures for flood risk mitigation in Kassala town, eastern Sudan. We employed remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques to determine the change in the Gash River riverbed, the morphology, and the leveling of both the eastern and western sides of the river. Flood model simulation and a 3D path profile were generated using the digital elevation model (DEM) with a data resolution of 12.5 m from the ALOS BILSAR satellite. The main purpose of this study is to extract the layer of elevation of the riverbed on both the western and eastern banks and to determine the variations and their relationship to flood occurrence and mitigation. The construction of dikes and spurs near Kassala town has led to sediment precipitation, causing the riverbed to rise. The results show that it is now 1.5 m above the eastern Kassala town level, with a steep slope of 2 m/km, and the cross-section area at Kassala bridge has shrunk, which indicates that the bridge body will partially impede the river’s high discharge and increase the potential for flood risk in the study area. The eastern part of Kassala town has a higher likelihood of flooding than the western side. This study suggests redesigning structural measures like widening the Gash River, extending Kassala bridge for normal water flow, strengthening early warning systems, and implementing soil conservation activities for normal water flow.

show abstract

“…The increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation poses a huge threat to the safety of life and property on a global and regional scale. (Zia et al, 2023). Therefore, by studying extreme precipitation events, we can better understand the supply and demand of water resources and formulate effective water resources management strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of extreme precipitation variation characteristics in mountain grasslands of arid and semi-arid regions in China

Li,

Guan,

Wang

et al. 2024

Front. Environ. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: With global warming, the disaster losses caused by extreme precipitation events are increasing. The poor natural conditions and climate change make the arid and semi-arid mountainous grassland area a sensitive region of climate change. The study on the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of extreme precipitation events in this region is helpful to improve the ability of climate prediction and disaster prevention and reduction in grassland.Methods: Based on the daily precipitation data of four meteorological monitoring stations in the Yinshanbeilu from 1970 to 2020, the trend analysis, M-K test and wavelet analysis were used to select seven typical extreme precipitation indicators to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme precipitation.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the precipitation in the Yinshanbeilu increased in the past 51a, and the number of heavy rain days increased significantly. The significance test of CDD and CWD showed that the number of continuous dry days and continuous wet days decreased abruptly. The spatial analysis showed that the high value areas of R95p, R95d and PRCRTOT were all located in Siziwang Banner, and it could be concluded that the extreme precipitation risk was the highest in Siziwang Banner, while the low value areas of SDII, Rx1day, R95p and PRCRTOT were all located in Sonid Right Banner, which could be inferred that the Sonid Right Banner was relatively dry. The first main cycle of the seven indexes of extreme precipitation almost runs through the whole time series, and the starting point of the minimum main cycle changes inconsistent. In addition to the number of consecutive dry days, the other indices have a good correlation with annual precipitation, flood season and monthly precipitation from June to September, and July is the peak period of extreme precipitation events.

show abstract

Monsoon flood risks in urban areas of Pakistan: A way forward for risk reduction and adaptation planning

Cited by 31 publications

References 36 publications

Move up or move over: mapping opportunities for climate adaptation in Pakistan’s Indus plains

Move up or move over: mapping opportunities for climate adaptation in Pakistan’s Indus plains

Impact of Structural and Non-Structural Measures on the Risk of Flash Floods in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study of the Gash River, Kassala, Eastern Sudan

Analysis of extreme precipitation variation characteristics in mountain grasslands of arid and semi-arid regions in China

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About