Monthly and Interannual Variations in Winter Positive Surface‐Bottom Temperature Difference in Northeastern Coastal Waters of the Shandong Peninsula in the Yellow Sea

Zhai, Fangguo; Liu, Zizhou; Li, Peiliang; Gu, Yu; Hu, Luoyu; Sun, Lei; Yang, Baoqing

doi:10.1029/2021jc017562

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…As shown in Figures 4 and 9b, the monthly mean FP and SST showed significant negative correlations in all sub‐regions ( r < −0.77, p < 0.0018), with the strongest correlation occurring in the Bohai Bay ( r = −0.86). The thermocline formed during summer could induce strong vertical stratification (Hao et al., 2012; Zhai et al., 2023), which inhibited the upward diffusion of seabed sediment (Qiao et al., 2011). For instance, the highest SST in the North Yellow Sea in July and August led to the strongest stratification by inducing a more stable thermocline, during which FP reached its lowest level despite significant increases in significant wave height.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale Spatio‐Temporal Variations of Suspended Sediment Fronts in the Semi‐Enclosed Bohai Sea, China

Du,

Zhang,

Bian

et al. 2023

JGR Oceans

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Suspended sediment fronts (SSFs) significantly affect water quality, ecology, and geomorphological evolution of estuarine and coastal waters. Based on 10‐year suspended sediment concentration data derived from satellite images, the multiscale spatio‐temporal variability of SSFs in the Bohai Sea was studied. Frontal probability (FP) was used to quantify the intensity of frontal activity. The 10‐year averaged FP was higher near the coast and decreased with increasing offshore distance. The arc‐shaped distributions of FP near the Yellow River Estuary revealed two tidal shear frontal zones. In the eastern Bohai Sea, 13 finger‐shaped high‐FP areas reflected the spatial pattern and fine structures of tidal sand ridges. The complex topography and strong tidal dynamics provided the essential conditions for frontogenesis. The seasonality of frontal activity was dominantly regulated by the change in wind waves associated with monsoons and stratification. The direct or indirect effects of sediment discharges from the Yellow River and Liaohe River on seasonal and annual variations of frontal activity only existed within close proximity to the estuaries. Frontal activity generally showed an interannual weakening trend, especially in the Laizhou Bay (−0.27%/yr), while an opposite trend was identified in the Liaodong Bay (0.10%/yr). This phenomenon was related to the interannual variations of wind speeds. Meanwhile, wind speed anomalies caused by El Niño‐Southern Oscillation events could explain the significant interannual fluctuations in frontal activity such that, frontal activity was significantly enhanced (suppressed) when El Niño (La Niña) events occurred, especially during 2015–2016 (2017–2018).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale Spatio‐Temporal Variations of Suspended Sediment Fronts in the Semi‐Enclosed Bohai Sea, China

Du,

Zhang,

Bian

et al. 2023

JGR Oceans

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“…In 2022, the GDP of SP was approximately 8.3 trillion RMB. The average temperature in summer was around 28.2 °C, and in winter, around −2.6 °C [32]. (c) CS: This is one of the six emerging and most typical city-level UAs in China, located in the North China Plain, with an area (a) BTH: This is one of the five most maturely developed national-level UAs in China, located in the North China Plain, with a construction status area of approximately 183,400 km 2 .…”

Section: Study Area Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Evolution of Land Surface Temperature and Driving Factors between Three Different Urban Agglomerations in China

Pan,

Yang,

Han

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Increases in land surface temperature (LST) and the urban heat island effect have become major challenges in the process of urban development. However, few studies have examined variations in LST between different urban agglomerations (UAs). Based on MODIS LST data, we quantitatively analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of LST in three different UAs in China from 2000 to 2020—Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) at the national level, the Shandong Peninsula (SP) at the regional level, and Central Shanxi (CS) at the city level—by employing urban agglomeration built-up area intensity (UABI), linear regression analyses, and geodetic detector models. The results showed the following: (1) The spatial and temporal evolution pattern of the LST in BTH was the most regularized; the spatial pattern of the LST in SP gradually evolved from “two points” to “a single branch”; and the LST of CS was easily influenced by the neighboring big cities. (2) The best-fitting coefficients for BTH, SP, and CS were R2BTH = 0.58, R2SP = 0.66, and R2CS = 0.58, respectively; every 10% increase in UABI warmed the LSTs in BTH, SP, and CS by 1.47 °C, 1.27 °C, and 1.83 °C, respectively. (3) The ranking of single-factor influence was DEM (digital elevation model) > UABI > NDVI > T2m (air temperature at 2 m) > POP (population). The UABI interacting with DEM had the strongest warming effect on LST, with the maximum value q(UABI ∩ DEM) BTH = 0.951. All factor interactions showed an enhancement of the LST in CS, but factors interacting with POP showed a weaker effect in BTH and SP, for which q(NDVI ∩ POP) BTH = 0.265 and q(T2m ∩ POP) SP = 0.261. As the development of UAs gradually matures, the interaction with POP might have a cooling effect on the environment to a certain degree.

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“…Simultaneously, the SST begins to decrease, transitioning from the summer scenario to the winter scenario (Bao et al., 2002). Sea surface cooling during the autumn‐winter season has commonly been explained by reduced solar radiation and subsequent heat loss (Bao et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2018), and the northerly/northwesterly monsoon winds that transport cold air southward from the north (Hwang et al., 2014; Zhai et al., 2021). While the simultaneous occurrence of the YSCWM contractions and SST cooling is evident, the specific contributions of the YSCWM to the SST cooling have not yet been clearly identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Critical Role of Thermal Stratification Associated With the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in Modulating Winter Sea Surface Temperature

Liu,

Yu,

Chen

et al. 2024

JGR Oceans

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The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), a seasonal bottom‐layer water mass in the Yellow Sea (YS) most prominent in summer, has always been overlooked in previous studies investigating variations in the winter Sea Surface Temperature. Here, using observations and high‐resolution numerical modeling, we reveal for the first time the significant contribution of thermal stratification associated with the YSCWM to the sea surface cooling and the formation of the westward‐shifted Yellow Sea Warm Water Tongue (YSWT) in early winter. Heat budget analyses indicated that the impact of the YSCWM to surface cooling manifests in two aspects. First, the upward mixing of bottom cold water from the remnant YSCWM triggers cooling in the mixed layer. Second, the shallower local mixed layer above the YSCWM facilitates more pronounced cooling processes compared to the YSWT region under similar heat flux. The formation of the westward‐shifted YSWT is the result of intensified surface cooling in both the coastal shallow waters and the YSCWM region in the central YS. During the formation process of the YSWT, its main axis aligns with the western boundary of the YSCWM. As the YSCWM dissipates, the YSWT shows an eastward apparent displacement and eventually stabilizes near approximately 123°E. This study enriches our understanding of the transition from stratification to vertical homogeneity in the water temperature structure of the YS during early winter.

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Monthly and Interannual Variations in Winter Positive Surface‐Bottom Temperature Difference in Northeastern Coastal Waters of the Shandong Peninsula in the Yellow Sea

Abstract: In northern China (Figure 1), the Shandong Peninsula is bordered by the Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS) and has a long history of decades of marine culture, including sea cucumbers, scallops, and mussels, in

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

Multiscale Spatio‐Temporal Variations of Suspended Sediment Fronts in the Semi‐Enclosed Bohai Sea, China

Multiscale Spatio‐Temporal Variations of Suspended Sediment Fronts in the Semi‐Enclosed Bohai Sea, China

Comparing the Evolution of Land Surface Temperature and Driving Factors between Three Different Urban Agglomerations in China

The Critical Role of Thermal Stratification Associated With the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in Modulating Winter Sea Surface Temperature

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