Morphing Aircraft Systems: Historical Perspectives and Future Challenges

Weisshaar, Terrence A.

doi:10.2514/1.c031456

Cited by 322 publications

(170 citation statements)

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“…Prova disto é a publicação de várias revisões bibliográficas, assim como de um livro a respeito do tema (Weisshaar, 2006;Thill et al, 2008;McGowan et al, 2009;Sofla et al, 2010;Taha et al, 2012;Valasek, 2012;Vasista et al, 2012;Weisshaar, 2013;Sinapius et al, 2014;Barbarino et al, 2014). (1975-1988o Smart Wing Program;o Aircraft Morphing Project (NASA Langley, 1994-2004; e o Morphing Aircraft Structures Program (DARPA, 2002(DARPA, -2007.…”

Section: Trabalhos Recentesunclassified

“…O interesse em seu estudo, que teve início há mais de três décadas (e.g. Gilbert, 1981), é atribuído: a possíveis ganhos em desempenho, o que pode acarretar menores impactos ambientais e redução de custos operacionais; e também à possibilidade de concepção de aeronaves capazes de atender a vários propósitos, sobretudo com requisitos conflitantes (Bolonkin e Gilyard, 1999;Weisshaar, 2013). Para tanto, as ditas aeronaves adaptativas geralmente consideram alterações no enflechamento, na envergadura, na torção e no diedro de suas asas, e/ou manipulações no arqueamento, na espessura e na corda de seções que a compõem.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…A busca por maiores velocidades de voo, contudo, aliada à flexibilidade das estruturas então empregadas para construção aeronáutica, ocasionou acidentes aéreos devidos a fenômenos aeroelásticos, como divergência e flutter. Assim, logo na sequência da 1ª Guerra Mundial, aeronaves foram desenvolvidas com materiais mais rígidos, possibilitando maiores velocidades, mas limitando a aplicabilidade de sistemas inspirados na natureza para o (Weisshaar, 2013). Independente da forma como acontece, é evidente a necessidade de reconfiguração geométrica para o voo de animais, ou de aeronaves, seja para possibilitar controle, propulsão, modificação de propósito, etc.. A adoção de superfícies auxiliares em aeronaves permanece até hoje devido a seu aperfeiçoamento, e a não necessidade de sua substituição.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Ao longo do Século XX, este tipo de abordagem não foi completamente esquecida, como comprovam o contínuo registro de patentes, o desenvolvimento de protótipos, e a construção de aeronaves com asas de enflechamento variável, por exemplo (Weisshaar, 2013). Contudo, apesar de viabilidade ter sido comprovada em vários casos, em outros o acréscimo de peso e/ou custos resultavam proibitivos, muito em função dos sistemas empregados para atuação.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Variable Camber Morphing Wings

Rade¹,

Souza²

2016

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Air Force Materiel Command REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to the Department of Defense, Executive Service Directorate (0704-0188). Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)01/02/2016 REPORT TYPE FINAL DATES COVERED (From -To PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)FEDERAL SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)USAF SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThis project is inserted within the scope of the technology of morphing aircrafts. Specifically, the research team investigated, in a multidisciplinary framework, the design methodology of variable camber morphing wings based on the use of active materials, namely piezoelectric materials and shape memory alloys. The research work has been carried out in partnership with Prof. Daniel J. Inman, from the Department of Aerospace Engineering of the University of Michigan. After preliminary assessment of various innovative candidate morphing strategies, the research evolved to the concept of active meta-structures based on shape memory alloys and permanent magnets, which is currently in development in the context of a Ph.D. thesis jointly advised by Profs. Domingos A. Rade and Daniel J. Inman. The main accomplishments made are the following:1.development of a methodology for the multidisciplinary design of variable camber morphing wings based on finite element simulations, encompassing the thermo-mechanical behavior of shape memory alloys and aerodynamic transient analysis. This methodology enables to evaluate the evolution of the aerodynamic forces and moment during the morphing transition.2. conceptual design and tests of variable camber aerodynamic profiles combining shape memory alloy wires and permanent magnets to achieve multistable configuration for morphing purposes. SUBJECT TERMSMorphing wings, smart materials, adaptive aircraft, shape memory alloys SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code)Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18Adobe Professional 7.0 DISTRIBUTION A: Distribution approved for public release. INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SF 2981. REPORT DATE. Full p...

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Section: Trabalhos Recentesunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Variable Camber Morphing Wings

Rade¹,

Souza²

2016

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“…"Morphing", defining the ability to transform the shape or structure and therefore having the capability to take one of various distinct forms, has received considerable attention in recent years [1][2][3][4]. Although many devices have been based on the idea of form-variable geometries, the concept of morphing has recently become a new trend.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and Experimental Investigations of an Elasto-Flexible Membrane Wing at a Reynolds Number of 280,000

Piquee

Breitsamter

2017

Aerospace

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This work presents numerical and experimental investigations of an elasto-flexible membrane wing at a Reynolds number of 280,000. Such a concept has the capacity to adapt itself to the incoming flow offering a wider range of the flight envelope. This adaptation is clearly observed in the numerical study: the camber of the airfoil changes with the dynamic pressure and the angle of attack, which permits a smoother and delayed stall. The numerical results, obtained from Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) simulations, also show that the laminar-turbulent transition influences the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing, as it directly affects the pressure distribution on the membrane and the geometry of the airfoil. Two different turbulence models were therefore tested. Furthermore, experimental investigations are considered in this paper to estimate the precision of the FSI simulations. It appears that the FSI study overestimates the lift coefficient, and the drag coefficient is undervalued, which can be explained by dynamic calibration of the model. Nevertheless, the velocity field obtained with the hot-wire anemometry system shows good agreement on the upper side of the model. The membrane deflection measurements also appear to be consistent with the expected geometry of the deformed airfoil from the FSI simulations.

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Fuel Burn Reduction Through Wing Morphing

Martins

2016

Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering

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Changing the shape of aircraft is beneficial because they operate in a wide range of flight conditions with conflicting requirements and variations in performance. This chapter focuses on morphing systems that contribute to reducing fuel burn for commercial transport aircraft. We start with a summary of how morphing can reduce fuel burn from the system‐level viewpoint, following which we analyze the three wing‐morphing modes: planform, out‐of‐plane, and airfoil. For each of these, we review morphing mechanisms that are already in place, such as high‐lift systems, and provide an outlook on how more advanced morphing technologies can further reduce fuel burn. The impact of any morphing system must be quantified by considering all the disciplines involved, and a clean‐sheet design should be done to realize the full potential. The most promising type of morphing for the near future is variable trailing edge camber, which can tailor the aerodynamic performance and more effectively alleviate maneuver loads. Research on new materials and morphing mechanisms will make morphing systems lighter, more energy efficient, and more economical. It is just a question of time before we see aircraft wings that exhibit morphing capabilities that seem impossible today.

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Morphing Aircraft Systems: Historical Perspectives and Future Challenges

Cited by 322 publications

References 44 publications

Variable Camber Morphing Wings

Variable Camber Morphing Wings

Numerical and Experimental Investigations of an Elasto-Flexible Membrane Wing at a Reynolds Number of 280,000

Fuel Burn Reduction Through Wing Morphing

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