Morpho-histological and ultrastructural study on direct somatic embryogenesis of Capsicum chinense Jacq. in liquid medium

Somatic Embryogenesis: Fundamental Aspects and Applications

“…Using mature zygotic embryos of C. annuum var. This indirect somatic embryogenesis process was complemented by a morphohistological and ultrastructural study (Avilés-Viñas et al 2013). This cell suspension was further pretreated with potassium citrate (6 g/L) and then cultured in the initiation medium consisting of MS with 6 g/L proline and a reduction in ammonium concentration from 20 to 10 mM.…”

“…Maturation of somatic embryos and conversion into plants was achieved at 97 % efficiency on paper bridges in a half-strength MS medium with 1.89 μM ABA. Mayan Ba'alche applying the protocol described by Avilés-Viñas et al (2013). Colombo (Kintzios et al 2000); in this case, the explants were cultured on semisolid MS medium with 9 μM 2,4-D, 12.9 μM benzyladenine (BA) and 8 % sucrose for embryogenic callus induction (induction medium) or they were exposed to liquid medium with 129 μM BA + 9 μM 2,4-D + 3 % sucrose for 24 h and then cultured on semisolid MS induction medium.…”

Somatic Embryogenesis in Capsicum spp.

“…Very recently, Valle-Gough et al (2015) analyzed the influence of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine at 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mM on the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis and the morphology of the regenerated somatic embryos in C. chinense var. Mayan Ba'alche applying the protocol described by Avilés-Viñas et al (2013). In general, no positive effect of the polyamines on the number of somatic embryos was recorded, but an improvement in the somatic embryo development and morphology was observed because they exhibited harmonic apex-radicle morphology, a greenish coloration, and the formation of two tiny cotyledonary leaves.…”

“…Rux-02 was also reported in cell suspensions derived from callus tissue produced in hypocotyl explants (from axenic seedlings) cultured on the induction medium described earlier (López-Puc et al 2006) and established as suspensions in the liquid induction medium with 4.5 μM 2,4-D and subsequently exposed to a liquid medium with 3.4 μM TDZ (Zapata-Castillo et al 2007). This indirect somatic embryogenesis process was complemented by a morphohistological and ultrastructural study (Avilés-Viñas et al 2013). Solís-Ramos et al (2010) established a protocol for the induction of indirect somatic embryogenesis in C. chinense starting with mature zygotic embryos segments as explants, which were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 8.9 μM NAA, 11.4 μM IAA, and 8.6 μM BA to produce embryogenic callus; only 8 % of calli produced somatic embryos and when torpedo-stage somatic embryos were detached from callus and cultured on MS medium without growth regulators a 75 % conversion into plantlets was attained; these plants were finally transplanted to soil and adapted to greenhouse conditions.…”

Polyamines and WOX genes in the recalcitrance to plant conversion of somatic embryos of Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)

“…The protocol reported by Avilés-Viñas et al (2013) was used to induce and obtain somatic embryos. Hypocotyl segments (0.5 cm) measuring in length from aseptic plantlets were transferred onto MS medium containing 9.05 µM 2,4-D and then incubated at 25 ± 2°C, under constant light for 28 days.…”