“…Among various modifications, hybridization with N-doped carbons (NCs) to achieve Co–N–C type catalysts is an effective protocol. The Co–N–C type catalysts have some of the following advantages: (i) a wide variety of active Co species are candidates, such as metallic Co, 6 Co oxides, 7 Co single atoms, 8 etc . ; (ii) active Co species can be evenly dispersed and/or exposed by NCs; 9 (iii) NCs also have more or less HER activity; 10 (iv) synergistic effects between active Co species and NCs can also boost HER activity.…”