Morphological Features of Sumac Leaves (<i>Rhus</i>, Anacardiaceae), from the Latest Early Eocene Flora of Republic, Washington

Flynn, Soon; DeVore, Melanie L.; Pigg, Kathleen B.

doi:10.1086/703526

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…obs. Rhus lesquereuxi Knowlton & Cockerell 21 Florissant, late Eocene, Colorado, USA MacGinitie 1953 ; Manchester 2001a Rhus malloryi Wolfe & Wehr 5 Republic, early Eocene, Washington, USA Wolfe and Wehr 1987 ; Wilf et al 2005b ‡; Flynn et al 2019 Rhus nigricans (Lesquereux) Knowlton 27 Little Mountain & Bonanza, early and middle Eocene, Wyoming & Utah, USA MacGinitie 1969 ; Wilf 2000 ‡; Wilf et al 2001 ‡ Rhus obscura (Lesquereux) MacGinitie 22 Florissant, late Eocene, Colorado, USA MacGinitie 1953 ; Manchester 2001a Rhus stellariaefolia (Lesquereux) MacGinitie, Rhus sp. 175 Florissant, late Eocene, Colorado, USA MacGinitie 1953 ; Manchester 2001a Schmalzia ( Rhus ) vexans (Lesquereux) Cockerell 5 Florissant, late Eocene, Colorado, USA MacGinitie 1953 Apocynaceae Apocynaceae sp.…”

Section: Species List For Fossil-leaf Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning

Wilf¹,

Wing²,

Meyer³

et al. 2021

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Leaves are the most abundant and visible plant organ, both in the modern world and the fossil record. Identifying foliage to the correct plant family based on leaf architecture is a fundamental botanical skill that is also critical for isolated fossil leaves, which often, especially in the Cenozoic, represent extinct genera and species from extant families. Resources focused on leaf identification are remarkably scarce; however, the situation has improved due to the recent proliferation of digitized herbarium material, live-plant identification applications, and online collections of cleared and fossil leaf images. Nevertheless, the need remains for a specialized image dataset for comparative leaf architecture. We address this gap by assembling an open-access database of 30,252 images of vouchered leaf specimens vetted to family level, primarily of angiosperms, including 26,176 images of cleared and x-rayed leaves representing 354 families and 4,076 of fossil leaves from 48 families. The images maintain original resolution, have user-friendly filenames, and are vetted using APG and modern paleobotanical standards. The cleared and x-rayed leaves include the Jack A. Wolfe and Leo J. Hickey contributions to the National Cleared Leaf Collection and a collection of high-resolution scanned x-ray negatives, housed in the Division of Paleobotany, Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.; and the Daniel I. Axelrod Cleared Leaf Collection, housed at the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley. The fossil images include a sampling of Late Cretaceous to Eocene paleobotanical sites from the Western Hemisphere held at numerous institutions, especially from Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument (late Eocene, Colorado), as well as several other localities from the Late Cretaceous to Eocene of the Western USA and the early Paleogene of Colombia and southern Argentina. The dataset facilitates new research and education opportunities in paleobotany, comparative leaf architecture, systematics, and machine learning.

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Section: Species List For Fossil-leaf Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning

Wilf¹,

Wing²,

Meyer³

et al. 2021

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“…The fossil fruit record shows that species of Anacardiaceae with PY ( Rhus s.s. ) and ND/PD ( Anacardium and the extinct genus Pentoperculum , Spondiadeae) extend at least as far back as the Eocene (Manchester, 1994; Manchester et al, 2007; Herrera et al, 2018 and references cited for fossil endocarps of subfamily Spondioideae; Flynn et al, 2019; Manchester and Judd, 2022). Baskin et al (2000) suggested that PY + PD may have originated in the Oligocene, in conjunction with climatic cooling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed (true seed plus endocarp) dormancy in Anacardiaceae in relation to infrafamilial taxonomy and endocarp anatomy

Baskin

2022

Seed Sci. Res.

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Information in the literature and unpublished results of the authors on Dobinea were used to determine the kind [class(es)] of seed (true seed + endocarp) dormancy and of non-dormancy of genera in all five tribes of Anacardiaceae, and the results were examined in relation to the taxonomic position and endocarp anatomy within the family. Reports of both seed germination and endocarp anatomy were found for 15 genera in tribe Spondiadeae, 6 in tribe Anacardieae, 30 in tribe Rhoeae, 3 in tribe Semecarpeae and 1 in tribe Dobineeae. In Spondiadeae (Spondias-type endocarp), Anacardieae, Semecarpeae and Dobineeae (Anacardium-type endocarp), seeds are either non-dormant (ND) or have physiological dormancy (PD). In Rhoeae (Anacardium-type Rhoeae Groups A, B, C and D endocarps), on the other hand, seeds are ND or have physical dormancy (PY), PD or PY + PD. PY/PY + PD in this tribe seems to be restricted (or nearly so) to Rhus s.s. and closely related genera (e.g. Cotinus, Malosma and Toxicodendron) with an Anacardium-type Rhoeae Group A endocarp. However, seeds of other genera (e.g. Astronium and Schinus) with this type of endocarp and those with Rhoeae Group B (e.g. Pistacia), Group C (e.g. Pentaspadon) and Group D (e.g. Heeria) endocarps are either ND or have PD. The fossil fruit record strongly suggests that present-day relationships between diaspore dormancy (or non-dormancy), endocarp structure and taxonomic position within Anacardiaceae extend back to at least the Palaeogene.

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“…The appearance of stinging trichomes in leaves of tribe Urticeae are one example. Also occurring at Republic are several species of Rhus (sumac, Anacardiaceae), a genus known to have foliar irritants that is closely related to modern‐day poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (Flynn et al, 2019). Its presence provides additional evidence suggesting strong selection of folivores on floras during the Paleogene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada

DeVore¹,

Nyandwi

Eckardt

et al. 2020

American J of Botany

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The early Eocene Okanogan Highlands plant fossil sites in British Columbia, Canada and Washington, United States, contain a diverse assemblage of upland, warm temperate elements that provide a record of high-elevation floras including early members of several important families (Johnson, 1996; DeVore and Pigg, 2010; Greenwood et al., 2016). These floras, including One Mile Creek, Thomas Ranch, McAbee, Falkland, and Quilchena in British Columbia, Canada and in Republic, Washington occur in a series of lacustrine basins formed as down-dropped crustal blocks associated with volcanism. Although there is no exact modern analogue, we have suggested that the African Rift Valley and associated volcanic peaks are perhaps among the most appropriate, as a high-elevation, forested setting, populated with large herbivorous mammals and associated with volcanics (DeVore and Pigg, 2016). Well represented in the Okanogan Highlands floras are some of the oldest known fossils of Betulaceae, Rosaceae, Ulmaceae, and other families that today are predominately distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere (Johnson, 1996). While studying

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Morphological Features of Sumac Leaves (Rhus, Anacardiaceae), from the Latest Early Eocene Flora of Republic, Washington

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning

An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning

Seed (true seed plus endocarp) dormancy in Anacardiaceae in relation to infrafamilial taxonomy and endocarp anatomy

Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada

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Morphological Features of Sumac Leaves (Rhus, Anacardiaceae), from the Latest Early Eocene Flora of Republic, Washington

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

﻿An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning

﻿An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning

Seed (true seed plus endocarp) dormancy in Anacardiaceae in relation to infrafamilial taxonomy and endocarp anatomy

Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada

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Product

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An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning

An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning