Morphological study of acoustic liposomes using transmission electron microscopy

Abstract

Sonoporation is achieved by ultrasound-mediated destruction of ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) microbubbles. For this, UCAs must be tissue specific and have good echogenicity and also function as drug carriers. Previous studies have developed acoustic liposomes (ALs), liposomes that encapsulate phosphate buffer solution and perfluoropropane (C(3)F(8)) gas and function as both UCAs and drug carriers. Few studies have examined the co-existence of gas and liquid in ALs. This study aims to elucidate AL structure using TEM. The size, zeta potential and structure of ALs were compared with those of two other UCAs, human albumin shell bubbles (ABs; Optison) and lipid bubbles (LBs). ABs and LBs encapsulate the C(3)F(8) gas. Particle size was measured by dynamic light scattering. The zeta potential was determined by the Smoluchowski equation. UCA structure was investigated by TEM. ALs were approximately 200 nm in size, smaller than LBs and ABs. ALs and LBs had almost neutral zeta potentials whereas AB values were strongly negative. The negative or double staining TEM images revealed that approximately 20% of ALs contained both liquid and gas, while approximately 80% contained liquid alone (i.e. nonacoustic). Negative staining AB images indicated electron beam scattering near the shell surface, and albumin was detected in filament form. These findings suggest that AL is capable of carrying drugs and high-molecular-weight, low-solubility gases.

Effective intraperitoneal gene transfection system using nanobubbles and ultrasound irradiation

“…Kodama et al showed that perfluoropropane gas was trapped within the BLs (Kodama et al, 2010). Gene transfection by BLs with US irradiation is expected to be a useful method because BLs are more pharmaceutically stable than microbubbles due to the smaller particle size with PEGylation.…”

Investigating the Effect of Polymeric Approaches on Circulation Time and Physical Properties of Nanobubbles

“…The presence of a gas core, specifically, confers the capability of in vivo tracking of the system via ultrasound imaging. These 'acoustic' spheres are being increasingly investigated in the literature for simultaneously achieving targeted drug/gene delivery and organ imaging (1,2). This nanocarrier delivery system therefore has potential applications in diverse diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimers disease, HIV/AIDS and genetic diseases, such as diabetes.…”

Development and Evaluation of Paclitaxel-Loaded Liposomal Formulations for Targeted Drug Delivery to Breast Cancer

“…The TEM images showed that both GFLCL and RGD-GFTLCL were spherical in structure (Figure 2-11). Electron transparent regions were observed in electron dense vesicles corresponding to areas of gas localization as suggested in literature [245,246].The liposomes appeared similar to lipid shelled microbubbles with planar microdomains [247] separated by defects which affect mechanical properties and gas permeability [248]. The echogenicity of RGD-GFTLCL was also comparable to GFLCL (Data not shown).…”