Morphology of lipid alterations in the epidermis: A review

Menon, Gopinathan K.; Ghadially, Ruby

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970501)37:3<180::aid-jemt3>3.0.co;2-s

Cited by 57 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Specific individual HCs caused the same magnitude of damage to stratum corneum, as did the JP-8. Similar disorganization of bilayers have been reported in jet fuels-treated porcine stratum corneum (Monteiro- Riviere et al, 2004), in humans after application of sodium dodecyl sulfate or acetone irritants (Fartasch, 1997), in humans after kerosene exposure that induced large lacunae in the horny layers (Lupulescu et al, 1973), in murine stratum corneum after topical application of silicone (Menon and Ghadially, 1997), in porcine selective lipid extraction studies in different body regions (Monteiro- Riviere et al, 2001c), and in petrolatum-treated murine skin (Ghadially et al, 1992). It is well known that lipid extraction severely affects the biophysical properties of the horny layer (Wolfram et al, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

2005

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Despite widespread exposure to military jet fuels, there remains a knowledge gap concerning the actual toxic entities responsible for irritation observed after topical fuel exposure. The present studies with individual hydrocarbon (HC) constituents of JP-8 jet fuel shed light on this issue. To mimic occupational scenarios, JP-8, 8 aliphatic HC (nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane) and 6 aromatic HC (ethyl benzene, o-xylene, trimethyl benzene, cyclohexyl benzene, naphthalene, dimethyl naphthalene) soaked cotton fabrics were topically exposed to pigs for 1 day and with repeated daily exposures for 4 days. Erythema, epidermal thickness, and epidermal cell layers were quantitated. No erythema was noted in 1-day in vivo HC exposures but significant erythema was observed in 4-day tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, and JP-8 exposed sites. The aromatic HCs did not produce any macroscopic lesions in 1 or 4 days of in vivo exposures. Morphological observations revealed slight intercellular and intracellular epidermal edema in 4-day exposures with the aliphatic HCs. Epidermal thickness and number of cell layers significantly increased ( p < 0.05) in tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, and JP-8-treated sites. No significant differences were observed in the aromatic HC-exposed sites. Subcorneal microabscesses containing inflammatory cells were observed with most of the long-chain aliphatic HCs and JP-8 in 4-day exposures. Ultrastructural studies depicted that jet fuel HC-induced cleft formation within intercellular lipid lamellar bilayers of the stratum corneum. The degree of damage to the skin was proportional to the length of in vivo HC exposures. These data coupled with absorption and toxicity studies of jet fuel HC revealed that specific HCs (tridecane and tetradecane) might be the key constituents responsible for jet fuel-induced skin irritation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

2005

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“…A defective water barrier results if the synthesis of either of these lipids is inhibited, or if the enzymatic processing of the lamellar body derived discs is disturbed (reviewed in Menon and Ghadially, 1997). Ceramides account for as much as 50% of the total stratum corneum lipids in mammals (Raith and Neubert, 2000), and desert birds also have higher proportions of stratum corneum ceramides than free fatty acids (Haugen et al, 2003a,b).…”

Section: Lipid Barriers Of Amphibiansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparable molecular and biophysical details related to barrier function are not yet available for non-mammalian vertebrates. However, it seems clear that evolutionary or phenotypic adjustments in barrier efficacy will be founded in alterations of lipid composition, deposition and organization (Williams and Elias, 1987;Critchley, 1993;Menon and Ghadially, 1997).…”

Section: Lipid Barriers Of Amphibiansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water relations of tetrapod integument

Lillywhite

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

266

240

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“…The 'bricks' in the stratum corneum of mammalian epidermis are the corneocytes, and the 'mortar' is the lipid occupying the intercellular domain (Elias, 1983;Elias and Menon, 1991;Menon and Ghadially, 1997). Moreover, lipids in the extracellular matrix of mammalian stratum corneum limit the loss of water from body compartments to the surrounding atmosphere (Elias and Friend, 1975;Grubauer et al, 1989;Elias and Feingold, 1992), whereas lipids in the α-keratin layer of flexible skin from exposed surfaces of neonatal painted turtles seemingly resist the penetration of ice crystals into body compartments from frozen soil (Willard et al, 2000).…”

Section: The Role Of the Integumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

To freeze or not to freeze: adaptations for overwintering by hatchlings of the North American painted turtle

Packard

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Many physiologists believe that hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) provide a remarkable, and possibly unique, example of `natural freeze-tolerance' in an amniotic vertebrate. However, the concept of natural freeze-tolerance in neonatal painted turtles is based on results from laboratory studies that were not placed in an appropriate ecological context,so the concept is suspect. Indeed, the weight of current evidence indicates that hatchlings overwintering in the field typically withstand exposure to ice and cold by avoiding freezing altogether and that they do so without benefit of an antifreeze to depress the equilibrium freezing point for bodily fluids. As autumn turns to winter, turtles remove active nucleating agents from bodily fluids (including bladder and gut), and their integument becomes a highly efficient barrier to the penetration of ice into body compartments from frozen soil. In the absence of a nucleating agent or a crystal of ice to `catalyze'the transformation of water from liquid to solid, the bodily fluids remain in a supercooled, liquid state. The supercooled animals nonetheless face physiological challenges, most notably an increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism as the circulatory system first is inhibited and then caused to shut down by declining temperature. Alterations in acid/base status resulting from the accumulation of lactic acid may limit survival by supercooled turtles, and sublethal accumulations of lactate may affect behavior of turtles after the ground thaws in the spring. The interactions among temperature,circulatory function, metabolism (both aerobic and anaerobic), acid/base balance and behavior are fertile areas for future research on hatchlings of this model species.

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Morphology of lipid alterations in the epidermis: A review

Cited by 57 publications

References 67 publications

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

Water relations of tetrapod integument

To freeze or not to freeze: adaptations for overwintering by hatchlings of the North American painted turtle

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