MORTALITY IN SMALL ANIMALS EXPOSED IN A SHOCK TUBE TO "SHARP"-RISING OVERPRESSURES OF 3-4 MSEC DURATION. Technical Progress Report

Richmond, Donald R.; Goldizen, V.C.; Clare, Victor R.; Pratt, Dianne; Sherping, F.; Sanchez, R.T.; Fischer, C.C.; White, Clayton S.

doi:10.2172/4838943

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Although gas-filled space effects predominate, damage to abdominal organs that do not contain air has also been reported. Hemorrhage has been seen in liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, adrenals and testes (Cameron et al, 1943 & 44, Chiffelle, 1966, Clemedson, 1948 & 49, Fridell and Ecklund, 1943, Goligher et al, 1943, Huller and Bazini, 1970, Hirsch and Bazini, 1959, Richmond et al, 1961 & 73, Williams, 1943, Zuckerman, 1940. This would agree with reports of pain in these areas reported in human data.…”

supporting

confidence: 72%

The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers

Cudahy¹,

Parvin²

2001

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 8-02-20012. REPORT TYPE PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBERNaval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Naval Submarine Base New London Box 900 Groton, CT 06349-5900 NSMRL Report #1218 SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)Naval Submarine Medical Resea NSMRL rch Laboratory Naval Submarine Base New SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORTGroton, CT 06349-5900 NUMBER(S) 1218 DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT AApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThis review of underwater blast provides a brief background on the physical acoustics for underwater blast, summarizes the literature on the bioeffects for divers, and compares model results. The final chapter provides the authors' views on necessary research to meet gaps in the models as well as describe the best application of our current knowledge to a guidance for underwater blast. SUBJECT TERMS SUMMARY PAGE THE PROBLEMUnderwater blast effects on divers received a great deal of attention up to the 1970s, and several investigators in the United States and the United Kingdom contributed to this work. Most of this research focused on the potentially lethal effects of the blast and used those to estimate safe diving distances. Several models were developed to make these estimates. The data used to drive the models were mostly conducted at shallow depths and with relatively small charges. METHODA review of all information on underwater blast and their affect in divers was undertaken by the authors. FINDINGSThere have been some more recent incidents which suggest that the current models of underwater blast may be incomplete and that additional data may be needed. Furthermore, there has been no systematic comparison of the various models. This review of underwater blast provides a brief background on the physical acoustics for underwater blast, summarizes the literature on the bioeffects for divers, and compares model results. The final chapter provides the author's views on necessary research to meet gaps in the model...

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supporting

confidence: 72%

The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers

Cudahy¹,

Parvin²

2001

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“…Animals with lethal dcBI died rapidly of cardiopulmonary arrest following prolonged apnea. By comparison, whole-body exposure of rats to blast is associated with an LD 50 that is 2 times smaller, 250 kPa (Richmond et al, 1961(Richmond et al, , 1962. The reason for the apparent twofold difference in sensitivity associated with cranium-only exposure compared to whole-body exposure is not known, but numerous factors could potentially contribute.…”

Section: The Cobia and Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With whole-body exposure, animals that die are found to have multifocal hemorrhages in the meninges, cerebrum, and cerebellum, although whether these hemorrhages were intraparenchymal or not was unclear . Also, 50% of deaths occur within 2 min, and all occur within 30 min of the insult (Richmond et al, 1962). It is not clear from available reports what the specific cause of death is following whole-body exposure to blast, but the rapid times to death (2 min) argue against entities such as malignant cerebral edema and neurogenic pulmonary edema, and favor instead primary brainstem failure involving cardiac and respiratory centers.…”

Section: The Cobia and Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glyburide-Novel Prophylaxis and Effective Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury

Simard¹

2011

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER E-Mail:5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER The overall subject of this project is blast-traumatic brain injury (blast-TBI) and the role of the SUR1-regulated NCCa-ATP channel in blast-TBI. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5012 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTThe specific objectives of this project include: (1) develop a standardized rat model of blast-TBI to study the direct transcranial effects of blast on the brain, independent of indirect transthoracic effects; (2) determine the role of the SUR1-regulated NCCa-ATP channel in blast-TBI; (3) in normal human volunteers, determine the safety of the SUR1 blocker, glyburide, as it might be used as prophylaxis against blast-TBI. During the third year of this project, we completed a key objective -the evaluation of our cranial-only blast injury apparatus (COBIA) as it relates to the effect of blast exposure on short term vestibulomotor performance and on long term cognitive performance. In addition, we completed experiments looking at the time course for upregulation and downregulation of SUR1 and TRPM4. The most important findings include: (i) SUR1 and TRPM4 begin to appear as early as 2 hours after injury, and are gone by 7 days after injury; (ii) the dose-response curve for blast intensity vs. biological response is very steep, making it difficult to accurately grade sublethal injuries based on peak overpressure alone; (iii) the apneac response immediate following blast is an excellent predictor of short-term vestibulomotor performance and of long term cognitive performance, making it a very useful independent variable for grading sublethal injuries when establishing the dose-response.blast-TBI, sulfonylurea receptor The ove...

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“…35 The lethality-time data are shown in Figure 16. Note that nearly 80 per cent of all animals lethally injured expired within 20 to 25 minutes.…”

Section: A Lethality Timementioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Some of the Immediate Environmental Effects at Hiroshima and Nagasaki

White¹,

Bowen²,

Richmond³

1964

Health Physics

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MORTALITY IN SMALL ANIMALS EXPOSED IN A SHOCK TUBE TO "SHARP"-RISING OVERPRESSURES OF 3-4 MSEC DURATION. Technical Progress Report

Abstract: This work, a n a s p e c t of investigations dealing with the Biological Effects of B l a s t f r o m Bombs by the Defense Atomic Support Agency of the Department of Defense.

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers

The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers

Glyburide-Novel Prophylaxis and Effective Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury

A Comparative Analysis of Some of the Immediate Environmental Effects at Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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