Mortality salience in virtual reality experiences and its effects on users’ attitudes towards risk

Immersive Interactive Technologies for Positive Change: A Scoping Review and Design Considerations

“…Mindfulness meditation: These experiences involved paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally. Users were guided through a narration (Shaw et al, 2007 ; Choo and May, 2014 ; Prpa et al, 2015 ; Gu and Frasson, 2017 ; Navarro-Haro et al, 2017 ) or had the chance to playfully discover meditation practice unguided (Davies and Harrison, 1996 ; Vidyarthi, 2012 ; Bal, 2013 ; Kitson et al, 2014 ; Gromala et al, 2015 ; Amores et al, 2016 ; Kosunen et al, 2016 ; Prpa et al, 2016 ; Roo et al, 2016 ; Du Plessis, 2017 ), while another experience incorporated but was not explicitly about mindfulness meditation (Chittaro et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Some experiences used water as a visualization (Bal, 2013 ; Sakamoto et al, 2015 ; van Rooij et al, 2016 ; Gu and Frasson, 2017 ; Prpa et al, 2017 ), while others used animals (Shaw et al, 2007 ; Eubanks, 2011 ; Sakamoto et al, 2015 ). A common theme was using park or garden elements (Choo and May, 2014 ; Angelini et al, 2015 ; Roo et al, 2016 ; Chittaro et al, 2017 ), while other experiences focused more specifically on trees and the forest (Davies and Harrison, 1996 ; Gromala et al, 2015 ; Patibanda et al, 2017 ). One experience used a sunset scenery (Shaw et al, 2007 ), and another used the entire Earth (Quesnel and Riecke, 2017 ).…”

“…Physiological measures: Use of instruments that provide information on physiological functions in order to gain greater awareness of internal states of a user. The processes can include brainwaves (Hinterberger, 2011 ; Choo and May, 2014 ; Prpa et al, 2015 , 2016 ; Amores et al, 2016 ; Kosunen et al, 2016 ; Du Plessis, 2017 ; Gu and Frasson, 2017 ), skin temperature and conductance (Shaw et al, 2007 ; Hinterberger, 2011 ; Gromala et al, 2015 ; Bernal and Maes, 2017 ; Du Plessis, 2017 ), respiration (Davies and Harrison, 1996 ; Shaw et al, 2007 ; Hinterberger, 2011 ; Vidyarthi, 2012 ; Bal, 2013 ; Kitson et al, 2014 ; Prpa et al, 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ; Roo et al, 2016 ; van Rooij et al, 2016 ; Du Plessis, 2017 ; Patibanda et al, 2017 ), and heart rate and heart rate variability (Shaw et al, 2007 ; Hinterberger, 2011 ; Muñoz et al, 2016 ; Roo et al, 2016 ; Bernal and Maes, 2017 ; Chittaro et al, 2017 ).…”

The Ultimate Display for Physical Rehabilitation: A Bridging Review on Immersive Virtual Reality

“…Increasing the number of meaningful stimuli that resonate with the users' engagement using iVR is a crucial factor in influencing user behavior and experience (Baños et al, 2004), and, with the price of computing devices and hardware decreasing, headsets are becoming more popular and immersive in doing so (Beccue and Wheelock, 2016;Statista, 2020). Thus, immersion through iVR can lead to greater emotional influence on the user and can incite the desired physiological responses by crafting a stimulating and engaging virtual environment (Chittaro et al, 2017). While this work shows great promise, the psychological application of iVR is still largely underdeveloped and lacking in terms of proven beneficial results.…”

“…Immersion can be continuously enhanced through improving graphics, multimodality, and interaction (Slater, 2009). Strong immersive stimuli through a iVR system, and the ability to provide a feeling of presence and emotion engagement in a virtual world, are key to influencing user behavior (Baños et al, 2004;Morina et al, 2015;Chittaro et al, 2017). Because of this, iVR can play an essential role in augmenting the physical therapy process through the benefits of immersion as it corresponds to a greater spatial and peripheral awareness (Bowman and McMahan, 2007).…”