Mosquito Vectors and the Globalization of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Malaria

Molina-Cruz, Alvaro; Zilversmit, Martine; Neafsey, Daniel E.; Hartl, Daniel L.; Barillas‐Mury, Carolina

doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035211

Cited by 61 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 110 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most prevalent agents of human malaria and are transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. While Plasmodium parasites have a rather restricted vertebrate host range, they have adapted to at least 70 different mosquito species [2], many of them evolutionarily distant from vectors in Africa, where human malarias originated [3,4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium P47 : a key gene for malaria transmission by mosquito vectors

Molina-Cruz

Canepa

Barillas‐Mury

2017

Current Opinion in Microbiology

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Malaria is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites that have a complex life cycle. The parasite protein P47 is critical for disease transmission. P47 mediates mosquito immune evasion in both Plasmodium berghei (Pbs47) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pfs47), and has been shown to be important for optimal female gamete fertility in P. berghei. Pfs47 presents strong geographic structure in natural P. falciparum populations, consistent with natural selection of Pfs47 haplotypes by the mosquito immune system as the parasite adapted to new vector species worldwide. These key functions make Plasmodium P47 an attractive target to disrupt malaria transmission.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium P47 : a key gene for malaria transmission by mosquito vectors

Molina-Cruz

Canepa

Barillas‐Mury

2017

Current Opinion in Microbiology

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“…Great apes have infections with species closely related to P. falciparum; for instance, gorillas can be infected by P. praefalciparum (Liu et al 2010). Then, there is not a scientific consensus that it can occur species permeability (Molina-Cruz et al 2016). In other words, there is not a strong support for the parasite being transmitted in both directions: 1) from humans to apes, and 2) from apes to humans.…”

Section: Plasmodium Falciparum Evolutionary System In the Southeastermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This adaptation was discussed by and exemplified by Molina-Cruz et al (2016). An adaptation would be selected in the environment if P. falciparum could not cause symptoms in human hosts (as evidentiated in Maselli et al 2014); because then it would be invisible to the surveillance system, which is based mainly on symptomatic malaria individuals.…”

Section: Open Remarks For New Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spotlight on Plasmodium falciparum evolutionary system in the southeastern Atlantic forest

Laporta

2017

Biota Neotrop.

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LAPORTA, GZ. Spotlight on Plasmodium falciparum evolutionary system in the southeastern Atlantic forest. Biota Neotropica. 17(3): e20160314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611- BN-2016-0314 Abstract: Malaria elimination is now set to occur in Brazil until 2030. While this achievement is feasible, as it is for other endemic regions worldwide, it is important to recognize resistance of parasites and vectors against anti-malarial interventions. Resistance against drugs and insecticides can lead to discontinuities of malaria transmission, known as residual malaria transmission. Herein, we described a novel phenomenon that is occurring in a residual malaria transmission scenario in the southeastern Atlantic forest. This novel phenomenon does not belong to what is known and therefore we decided to explain it based on an evolutionary perspective. Although it shall not be viewed as a threat to public health, the phenomenon has important aspects that should be highlighted. Specifically, it represents an adaptation of P. falciparum among vectors and hosts in the southeastern Atlantic forest. Knowledge about this phenomenon could be of importance, including to the on-going malaria elimination programs. Keywords: Anopheles, Biological Evolution, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Rainforest. Destaque para o sistema evolutivo de Plasmodium falciparum no sudeste da Mata AtlânticaResumo: A eliminação da malária pode ocorrer no Brasil antes de 2030. Embora seja viável no Brasil e em outras regiões endêmicas do mundo, reconhece-se a importância da resistência de parasitos e vetores às intervenções. A resistência contra drogas e inseticidas pode levar à malária residual. Aqui, descrevemos um novo fenômeno que está ocorrendo em um cenário residual de transmissão de malária no sudeste da Mata Atlântica. Esse fenômeno não faz parte do conhecimento atual e, portanto, propomos uma perspectiva evolutiva para explicá-lo. Não sugerimos uma nova ameaça à saúde pública; entretanto, ressaltam-se aspectos importantes sobre o fenômeno. Especificamente, o fenômeno representa uma adaptação de P. falciparum entre vetores e hospedeiros no sudeste da Mata Atlântica. O conhecimento sobre essa adaptação pode ser importante para os programas de eliminação da malária em andamento.

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“…It thus encompasses both mosquito resistance mechanisms used to fight the infection and parasite mechanisms used to overcome the vector’s defenses (Lefevre et al ., 2018). The molecular and genetic bases of mosquito competence for malaria parasites have been well characterized for a number of mosquito–parasite associations (Molina-Cruz et al ., 2015, 2016) and, there also is a great diversity of ways in which biotic and abiotic environmental factors (temperature, mosquito diet, insecticide exposure, microbial gut flora, etc.) can affect mosquito competence (Lefèvre et al ., 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of irradiation on the survival and susceptibility of femaleAnopheles arabiensisto natural isolates ofPlasmodium falciparum

Guissou

Poda

Hien

et al. 2020

Preprint

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25Background: The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a vector control strategy relying on the mass 26 release of sterile males into wild vector populations. Current sex separation techniques are not 27 fully efficient and could lead to the release of a small proportion of females. It is therefore 28 important to evaluate the effect of irradiation on the ability of released females to transmit 29 pathogens. This study aimed to assess the effect of irradiation on the survival and competence 30 of Anopheles arabiensis females for Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory conditions. 31Methods: Pupae were irradiated at 95 Gy, a sterilizing dose of gamma-rays from Caesium-137 32 source, and emerging adult females were challenged with one of 14 natural isolates of P. 33 falciparum. Seven days post-bloodmeal (dpbm), irradiated and unirradiated-control females 34 were dissected to assess the presence of oocysts. On 14 dpbm, oocyst rupture in mosquito 35 midguts and sporozoite dissemination in head/thoraces were also examined. Two assays were 36 performed to gauge the effect of irradiation on An. arabiensis survival. First, the survivorship 37 of irradiated and unirradiated-control mosquitoes exposed to each parasite isolate was 38 monitored. Second, how parasite infection and irradiation interact to influence mosquito 39 lifespan was also assessed by including a group of uninfected unirradiated mosquitoes. 40Results: Overall, irradiation reduced the proportion of infected mosquitoes but this effect was 41 inconsistent among parasite isolates. Second, there was no significant effect of irradiation on 42 the number of developing oocysts. Third, the proportion of ruptured oocysts at 14 dpbm was 43 higher in irradiated-than in control-unirradiated females, suggesting that irradiation might 44 speed up parasite development. Fourth, irradiation had varying effects on female survival with 45 either a negative effect (assay 1) or no effect (assay 2). 46 Conclusion: Combining these effects into an epidemiological model could help quantifying the 47 net effect of irradiation on malaria transmission in this system. Together, our data indicate that 48 irradiated female An. arabiensis could contribute to malaria transmission, and highlight the 49 need for perfect sexing tools which would prevent the release of females as part of SIT 50 programs.51 52 Key words: Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), competence, Direct membrane feeding assay 53 54 55 56 57 58The worldwide annual incidence of malaria declined by 36 % between 2000 and 2015 59 (Cibulskis et al., 2016). Control measures based on vector management have played an 60 important role in reducing malaria transmission with, for example, the use of long-lasting 61 insecticide-treated nets contributing to an estimated 68 % of the decline in Plasmodium 62 falciparum incidence over this period (Bhatt et al., 2015). Since 2015 however, global progress 63 has stalled, and several African countries are currently experiencing an increase in malaria 64 incidence (WHO, 2018). The reasons for these r...

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Mosquito Vectors and the Globalization of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

Cited by 61 publications

References 110 publications

Plasmodium P47 : a key gene for malaria transmission by mosquito vectors

Plasmodium P47 : a key gene for malaria transmission by mosquito vectors

Spotlight on Plasmodium falciparum evolutionary system in the southeastern Atlantic forest

Effect of irradiation on the survival and susceptibility of femaleAnopheles arabiensisto natural isolates ofPlasmodium falciparum

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