“…Southern range core mangroves are relatively stable in Florida (but see Ross, Ruiz, Sah, & Hanan, ; Zhang, Thapa, Ross, & Gann, ) and Texas (but see Lonard & Judd, ) compared to highly‐mobile range margins (Cavanaugh et al, ). Periodic extreme freeze events lead to declines in mangrove cover at USA range margins and a cyclical pattern of expansion and contraction over time across the region (Giri & Long, ; Osland, Day, et al, ; Rodriguez, Feller, & Cavanaugh, ; Rogers & Krauss, ). An absence of extreme freezes since the late 1980s is linked to ongoing, rapid range expansion of A. germinans into salt marsh habitat at all USA northern limits, in Texas (Armitage, Highfield, Brody, & Louchouarn, ; Everitt, Yang, Judd, & Summy, ), Louisiana (Osland, Day, et al, ), West Florida (Saintilan et al, ; Stevens, Fox, & Montague, ), and East Florida (Cavanaugh et al, ; Rodriguez et al, ), with further proliferation at, and expansion past, these range margins forecast with climate change (Cavanaugh et al, ; Osland, Day, et al, ; Osland, Enwright, Day, & Doyle, ).…”