MR Blood Flow Measurement

Mohiaddin, Raad H.; Pennell, Dudley J.

doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70007-2

Cited by 55 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…In- or through-plane phase contrast flow velocity acquisitions can also provide visual information on the directions, dimensions and time courses of flow; it can also image morphology, which can yield a clue to the etiology of an abnormal jet (e.g. imaging accelerated flow jet of a coarctation or of valve insufficiency, or flow direction across an atrial septal defect or Fontan fenestration (Figure 7)) [58,59]. …”

Section: Flow Image Interpretation and Post Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) Board of Trustees Task Force on Standardized Post Processing

Schulz‐Menger

Bluemke

Bremerich

et al. 2013

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

1,237

1,071

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With mounting data on its accuracy and prognostic value, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is becoming an increasingly important diagnostic tool with growing utility in clinical routine. Given its versatility and wide range of quantitative parameters, however, agreement on specific standards for the interpretation and post-processing of CMR studies is required to ensure consistent quality and reproducibility of CMR reports. This document addresses this need by providing consensus recommendations developed by the Task Force for Post Processing of the Society for Cardiovascular MR (SCMR). The aim of the task force is to recommend requirements and standards for image interpretation and post processing enabling qualitative and quantitative evaluation of CMR images. Furthermore, pitfalls of CMR image analysis are discussed where appropriate.

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Section: Flow Image Interpretation and Post Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) Board of Trustees Task Force on Standardized Post Processing

Schulz‐Menger

Bluemke

Bremerich

et al. 2013

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

1,237

1,071

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“…The underlying principles have been known and applied over several decades [1-6]. The mapping of just the component of time-resolved velocity directed perpendicularly through a 2D plane is widely used for clinical measurements of volume flow [7-10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive 4D velocity mapping of the heart and great vessels by cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Markl

Kilner

Ebbers

2011

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

413

338

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BackgroundPhase contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is able to measure all three directional components of the velocities of blood flow relative to the three spatial dimensions and the time course of the heart cycle. In this article, methods used for the acquisition, visualization, and quantification of such datasets are reviewed and illustrated.MethodsCurrently, the acquisition of 3D cine (4D) phase contrast velocity data, synchronized relative to both cardiac and respiratory movements takes about ten minutes or more, even when using parallel imaging and optimized pulse sequence design. The large resulting datasets need appropriate post processing for the visualization of multidirectional flow, for example as vector fields, pathlines or streamlines, or for retrospective volumetric quantification.ApplicationsMultidirectional velocity acquisitions have provided 3D visualization of large scale flow features of the healthy heart and great vessels, and have shown altered patterns of flow in abnormal chambers and vessels. Clinically relevant examples include retrograde streams in atheromatous descending aortas as potential thrombo-embolic pathways in patients with cryptogenic stroke and marked variations of flow visualized in common aortic pathologies. Compared to standard clinical tools, 4D velocity mapping offers the potential for retrospective quantification of flow and other hemodynamic parameters.ConclusionsMultidirectional, 3D cine velocity acquisitions are contributing to the understanding of normal and pathologically altered blood flow features. Although more rapid and user-friendly strategies for acquisition and analysis may be needed before 4D velocity acquisitions come to be adopted in routine clinical CMR, their capacity to measure multidirectional flows throughout a study volume has contributed novel insights into cardiovascular fluid dynamics in health and disease.

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“…Phase contrast (PC) MRI is widely used for the measurement of cardiovascular blood flow 1–4 and is typically prospectively or retrospectively gated to the ECG signal 5 . Data are usually acquired over several heart beats using segmented k-space sampling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Velocity Quantification by Electrocardiography-Gated Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Cardiac Arrhythmia

Markl¹,

Fluckiger²,

Lee³

et al. 2015

Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography

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Objective To systematically investigate the impact of beat-to-beat variations on ECG gated multi-beat flow imaging with phase contrast (PC) MRI based on real time in-vivo TEE data in patients with known arrhythmia. Methods Real-time 2D Doppler transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed in five patients with atrial fibrillation (4 male, age=64±8.7 years). TEE data provided real-time left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) flow velocities in consecutive cardiac cycles with different RR-interval durations. PC-MRI acquisitions were simulated from the TEE velocity measures by constructing time-resolved k-space data for segmented sampling schemes typically used for ECG gated 2D PC MRI. Each simulation was repeated 100 times to minimize effects from data that may be weighted to a particular beat in the center of k-space. The resulting LA and LV velocities were compared to the average TEE velocities and data from individual cardiac cycles. Results Despite beat-to-beat variations velocities in TEE data, ECG gated flow imaging with MRI could reproduce persistent average LA and LV mean velocities within 7.0–7.4% compared to TEE. Conclusions PC-MRI velocity measurements in patients with varying R-R interval durations are not significantly different from time-averaged real-time velocity data for a typical segmented k-space data acquisition schemes. Though beat-to-beat variations in atrial velocities that were observed with TEE cannot be detected with ECG gated multi-beat PC MRI, it can reliably assess average flow patterns across multiple beats

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MR Blood Flow Measurement

Cited by 55 publications

References 75 publications

Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) Board of Trustees Task Force on Standardized Post Processing

Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) Board of Trustees Task Force on Standardized Post Processing

Comprehensive 4D velocity mapping of the heart and great vessels by cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Velocity Quantification by Electrocardiography-Gated Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Cardiac Arrhythmia

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