mRNA Technology a Promising Strategy for Rapid Response Vaccine Applications against the Emerging Infectious Diseases

mRNA Vaccines as an Efficient Approach for the Rapid and Robust Induction of Host Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2

“…According to SARS-CoV-2 structural analysis by the group of Huang (2020), the spike (S) glycoprotein with a transmembrane anchor and an intact S1-S2 cleavage site has been noticed to be coated with the polysaccharide molecules, facilitating the viruses to avoid the host protective immunity during entry [ 1 , 7 – 9 ]. However, the S protein, a class I fusion glycoprotein, binds to the the host angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and gets into the host through membrane fusion with the help of the trans-membrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), followed by the release of viral RNA [ 7 ].…”

“…Vaccination has long been known as one of the most operative mass public health interventions to control the transmission of infectious diseases like smallpox, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and tuberculosis [ 1 ]. The traditional live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been noticed to provide long-lasting immunity against these diseases, i.e., duplication of the immune induction by the natural infections [ 2 ].…”

“…Fortunately, vaccine development is now incorporating to meet these challenges. Nevertheless, vaccines are currently under development using various platforms (based on the complete knowledge of the viral genomics, host immunity, bioinformatics for screening the target sites) intended to be applied against a number of infectious viral diseases including Herpes Simplex virus infection, Hanta virus infection, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), coronavirus (CoV) infection, the Middle East respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, Ebola virus disease (EVD), Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, and against the SARS-CoV-2 and its variants causing the current COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in 6,099,380 deaths out of 472,816,657 infected cases [ 1 – 4 ].…”

“…Among the other vaccine development platforms, the mRNA-based technology has got attention upon the increase of the stability of mRNA through high-tech molecular biological advancement with appropriate delivery system maintaining the potency (i.e., inducing the long-lasting immunogenicity, i.e., induction of both humoral and cytotoxic T-cell responses within host) and requires safety of the mRNA vaccine [ 1 ]. Indeed, the among the other nucleic acid-based vaccines including plasmid DNA and viral vectors based vaccines, mRNA vaccines (with low-cost manufacture and safe administration capability) have been proven not to generate infectious particles neither to integrate to the genomic DNA of the host cell; rather, the complex antigens are expressed without packaging constraints in situ at the elevated translational level, and the nuclear membrane remains protected [ 1 , 5 ]. Like the mRNA vaccines, plasmid DNA and viral vector-based vaccines are also recognized by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immunity, which afterward facilitate the dendritic cells (DCs) to induce the humoral immunity by T cell-B cell interaction to instigate the plasma cells to produces antibodies [ 1 , 6 ].…”

“…Indeed, the among the other nucleic acid-based vaccines including plasmid DNA and viral vectors based vaccines, mRNA vaccines (with low-cost manufacture and safe administration capability) have been proven not to generate infectious particles neither to integrate to the genomic DNA of the host cell; rather, the complex antigens are expressed without packaging constraints in situ at the elevated translational level, and the nuclear membrane remains protected [ 1 , 5 ]. Like the mRNA vaccines, plasmid DNA and viral vector-based vaccines are also recognized by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immunity, which afterward facilitate the dendritic cells (DCs) to induce the humoral immunity by T cell-B cell interaction to instigate the plasma cells to produces antibodies [ 1 , 6 ]. Present review discussed the advantages of using the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines along with their mode of actions in the perspective of the sustainability of the host immunity.…”