Mucins produced by type II pneumocyte: culprits in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

Huang, Bo

doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00714-8

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A typical clinical symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the dry cough, which hints that the virus initially invades the alveoli where abundant alveolar macrophages (AMs) readily respond to viral particles and the released interferons may stimulate the ACE2 upregulation and mucin production. 3 Previously, we found that classically activated M1 AMs have a more acidic endosomal pH than alternatively activated M2 AMs, leading to M2 AMs possessing the ability to degrade and limit SARS-CoV-2 spread. 1 This may explain a large number of infected people without symptom or just with mild symptom, considering human AMs are more like a M2 phenotype.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Escaping alveolar macrophage endosomal retention explains massive expansion of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant

Wang

Zhou

Bao

et al. 2021

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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mentioning

confidence: 94%

Escaping alveolar macrophage endosomal retention explains massive expansion of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant

Wang

Zhou

Bao

et al. 2021

Sig Transduct Target Ther

Self Cite

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“…It has also been described that, once SARS-CoV-2 invades the alveoli, it can be taken up by local alveolar macrophages, subsequently producing proinflammatory cytokines such as type I interferon, which act on neighboring type II alveolar pneumocytes by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR), which consequently translocate to the nucleus promoting the production of mucus that accumulates in the alveoli. The accumulation of mucus causes a gradual decrease in O2 and CO2 exchange, which in turn leads to hypoxia [145].…”

Section: Cytopathic Effects On the Respiratory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID

Gonzalez-Garcia¹,

Moreno²,

Peñate³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection triggers various events from molecular to tissue level, which in turn is given by the intrinsic characteristics of each patient. Given the molecular diversity characteristic of each cellular phenotype, the possible cytopathic, tissue and clinical effects are difficult to predict, which determines the heterogeneity of COVID-19 symptoms. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on various cell types, focusing on the development of COVID-19, which in turn may lead, in some patients, to a persistence of symptoms after recovery from the disease, a condition known as long COVID. We describe the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-host interactions, including alterations in protein expression, intracellular signaling pathways, and immune responses. In particular, the article highlights the potential impact of these cytopathies on cellular function and clinical outcomes, such as immune dysregulation, neuropsychiatric disorders, and organ damage. The article concludes by discussing future directions for research and implications for the management and treatment of COVID-19 and Long-COVID.

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“…In COVID-19 disease initially (n=16) two types of mucins were extensively investigated, of which membrane-tethered MUC1 the gel-forming MUC5AC appeared at significantly elevated levels. Therefore, normal pathogenic clearance via mucin proteins could be disrupted, facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry to allow viral persistence [35][36][37][38]. Importantly other researchers indicate in addition to ORF3a, other SAR-COV-2 proteins include E and ORF8a that can assemble to generate ion channels [39,40].…”

Section: Ii) Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

Brown¹

2022

Preprint

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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist, of which Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV (SARS) showed higher mortality rates without causing a pandemic. As of December 2022, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in over 6.6 million deaths worldwide through an array of acute to chronic pathologies. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden. Therefore, immune system process analysis is required to compare innate and adaptive immune system interactions. Lymphatic system organs include bone marrow and thymus using a network of nodes throughout which white blood cells traverse glycolipid membranes utilizing cytokines and chemokine gradients that affect cell development, differentiation, proliferation, and migration processes as well as genetic factors affecting cell receptor expression. Innate processes involve antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocyte cellular responses to pathogens relevant to other viral and bacterial infections but also in oncogenic diseases. Such processes utilize cluster of differentiation (CD) marker expression, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL) and chemokines. The adaptive immune system consists of Natural Killer (NK) and T cells. Other viruses are also contributory to cancer including human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma ), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( lymphoma), hepatitis B and C (hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell leukemia virus-1 (adult T-cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer( e.g. H. pylori). Therefore, as the above factors can cause both morbidity and mortality along-side being transmitted within clinical and community settings, it is appropriate to now examine advances in single cell sequencing, FACS analysis and many other laboratory techniques that allow insights into discoveries of newer cell types. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that over-lap with known autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cell or T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this review quantifies and outlines the nature of specific receptors and proteins relevant to clinical laboratories and medical research by documenting both innate and adaptive immune system cells within current coronavirus immunology case study data and other pathologies to date.

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Mucins produced by type II pneumocyte: culprits in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Escaping alveolar macrophage endosomal retention explains massive expansion of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant

Escaping alveolar macrophage endosomal retention explains massive expansion of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant

From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

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