Mucus and the mare: How little we know

Causey, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.011

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The chlorine pump located on the cellular surface pump fluid to the mucosal secretion. 35) The depth or thickness of the periciliary fluid is the key factor in mucociliary clearance. If excessive, the ciliary fingers will fail to grab or contact the gel-layer.…”

Section: Mucusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cilia and the Mucociliary Clearance on Successful Drug Delivery

Gizurarson

2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Nasal mucociliary clearance is one of the most important factors affecting nasal delivery of drugs and vaccines. This is also the most important physiological defense mechanism inside the nasal cavity. It removes inhaled (and delivered) particles, microbes and substances trapped in the mucus. Almost all inhaled particles are trapped in the mucus carpet and transported with a rate of 8-10 mm/h toward the pharynx. This transport is conducted by the ciliated cells, which contain about 100-250 motile cellular appendages called cilia, 0.3 µm wide and 5 µm in length that beat about 1000 times every minute or 12-15 Hz. For efficient mucociliary clearance, the interaction between the cilia and the nasal mucus needs to be well structured, where the mucus layer is a tri-layer: an upper gel layer that floats on the lower, more aqueous solution, called the periciliary liquid layer and a third layer of surfactants between these two main layers. Pharmacokinetic calculations of the mucociliary clearance show that this mechanism may account for a substantial difference in bioavailability following nasal delivery. If the formulation irritates the nasal mucosa, this mechanism will cause the irritant to be rapidly diluted, followed by increased clearance, and swallowed. The result is a much shorter duration inside the nasal cavity and therefore less nasal bioavailability.

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Section: Mucusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cilia and the Mucociliary Clearance on Successful Drug Delivery

Gizurarson

2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…Older nulliparous mares that are not mated until 10 or more years of age and those that have repeated embryo recovery attempts also experience delayed uterine clearance, often because of cervical malfunction (Evans et al. 1987; Allen 1991; Causey 2007; LeBlanc 2008; Pycock 2009).…”

Section: Physical Uterine Clearance – the Critical Defence Against Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Subclinical Endometritis in the Mare: Both Threats to Fertility

LeBlanc

Causey

2009

Reprod Domestic Animals

229

260

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Endometritis, a major cause of mare infertility arising from failure to remove bacteria, spermatozoa and inflammatory exudate post-breeding, is often undiagnosed. Defects in genital anatomy, myometrial contractions, lymphatic drainage, mucociliary clearance, cervical function, plus vascular degeneration and inflamm-ageing underlie susceptibility to endometritis. Diagnosis is made through detecting uterine fluid, vaginitis, vaginal discharge, short inter-oestrous intervals, inflammatory uterine cytology and positive uterine culture. However, these signs may be absent in subclinical cases. Hypersecretion of an irritating, watery, neutrophilic exudate underlies classic, easy-to-detect streptococcal endometritis. In contrast, biofilm production, tenacious exudate and focal infection may characterize subclinical endometritis, commonly caused by Gram-negative organisms, fungi and staphylococci. Signs of subclinical endometritis include excessive oedema post-mating and a white line between endometrial folds on ultrasound. In addition, cultures of uterine biopsy tissue or of small volume uterine lavage are twice as sensitive as guarded swabs in detecting Gram-negative organisms, while uterine cytology is twice as sensitive as culture in detecting endometritis. Uterine biopsy may detect deep inflammatory and degenerative changes, such as disruption of the elastic fibres of uterine vessels (elastosis), while endoscopy reveals focal lesions invisible on ultrasound. Mares with subclinical endometritis require careful monitoring by ultrasound post-breeding. Treatments that may be added to traditional therapies, such as post-breeding uterine lavage, oxytocin and intrauterine antibiotics, include lavage 1-h before mating, carbetocin, cloprostenol, cervical dilators, systemic antibiotics, intrauterine chelators (EDTA-Tris), mucolytics (DMSO, kerosene, N-acetylcysteine), corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone) and immunomodulators (cell wall extracts of Mycobacterium phlei and Propionibacterium acnes).

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“…Modeling ciliated cells in motion in a complex fluid (the mucus), on biological interfaces (lung/mucus and mucus/air), is a very challenging problem [9] and the complexity of the full model, that is to say involving all the physics, is still out of reach despite recent dramatic advances in mucus and cilia modeling [58]. Nevertheless, several paths can be followed toward this goal.…”

Section: Applications To Biological Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Grid-Particle Method for Moving Bodies in 3D Stokes Flow with Variable Viscosity

Chatelin¹,

Poncet²

2013

SIAM J. Sci. Comput.

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This article presents a new approach for the resolution of large three-dimensional Stokes equations with variable viscosity fluids, coupled with transport equations. After building the model, we will write these equations in the context of highly viscous flows and penalization, in order to consider complex geometries moving in a fluid. From a mathematical point of view, the solutions show nonlinear dynamics. Beside the use of standard tools such as finite differences and staggered grids, we have built a new methodology based on large three-dimensional simulations, including operators splitting for an efficient use of fast solvers, multi-index fixed point methods, Lagrangian methods with fast and accurate grid-particle transfers, and the multiresolution description of variables. Among the main original aspects of this method, both accurate incompressibility and variable viscosity are treated in the same fixed point. Hence the computation costs for variable and constant viscosity flows are similar. Several examples are given to validate the order of convergence and conservation rates. Such models are used, among other examples, in biological computing at the cellular scale. The present article eventually describes the ciliated epithelium cells covering a mammal's lungs, beating in a mucus film. This study of human lung diseases explores the efficiency of the mucociliary clearance, a challenging problem in health sciences, especially for the investigation of cystic fibrosis and various chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

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Mucus and the mare: How little we know

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

The Effect of Cilia and the Mucociliary Clearance on Successful Drug Delivery

The Effect of Cilia and the Mucociliary Clearance on Successful Drug Delivery

Clinical and Subclinical Endometritis in the Mare: Both Threats to Fertility

A Hybrid Grid-Particle Method for Moving Bodies in 3D Stokes Flow with Variable Viscosity

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