“…For film mulching, several techniques have been developed which include: alternating narrows and wide ridges both mulched by polyethylene film (PMF) (Gan et al., 2013; Mo et al., 2017); alternating large ridges and small furrows with only the ridges mulched with polyethylene film (PMP) (Li, Hou, Wang, Jia, & Han, 2016) and flat plots mulched with plastic film (Li et al., 2010). Many studies have found that film mulching can reduce soil water evaporation (Gu, Li, & Du, 2017; Zhao et al., 2014), increase topsoil temperature (Zhao et al., 2014), improve crop emergence (Feng et al., 2019), and increase soil water storage (Mo et al., 2017), suggestive of improving WUE as well as crop yield (Li et al., 2018; Qin, Zhang, Dai, Wang, & Deming, 2014). Accompanying the benefits, however, are some problems caused by the plastic film mulching.…”