Multi-biomarker pattern for tumor identification and prognosis

Abstract

In last decades, the basic, clinical, and translational research efforts have been directed to the identification of standard biomarkers associated with the degree of malignancy. There is an increasingly public health concern for earlier detection of cancer development at stages in which successful treatments can be achieved. To meet this urgent clinical demand, early stage cancer biomarkers supported by reliable and robust experimental data that can be readily applicable in the clinical practice, are required. In the current standard protocols, when one or two of the canonical proliferating index biomarkers are analyzed, contradictory results are frequently reached leading to incorrect cancer diagnostic and unsuccessful therapies. Therefore, the identification of other cellular characteristics or signatures present in the tumor cells either alone or in combination with the well-established proliferation markers emerge as an alternative strategy in the improvement of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Because it is well known that several pathways and processes are altered in tumor cells, the concept of "single marker" in cancer results incorrect. Therefore, this review aims to analyze and discuss the proposal that the molecular profile of different genes or proteins in different altered tumor pathways must be established to provide a better global clinical pattern for cancer detection and prognosis.

Expression of COX-2 and VEGF-C in cholangiocarcinomas at different clinical and pathological stages

“…However, in the present study, the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 did not significantly inhibit the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro. This finding is similar to those in previous reports of COX-2 expression and function at different stages of cholangiocarcinoma (Wu et al, 2010;Yoon et al, 2010;Rodriguez-Enriquez et al, 2011;Schoppmann et al, 2011). On the other hand, COX-2 inhibitors have been confirmed as effective auxiliary drugs for cholangiocarcinoma (Murmu, 2014;Zabron et al, 2013).…”

Diagnostic and prognostic value of CEA, CA19–9, AFP and CA125 for early gastric cancer

“…Serum tumor markers are widely applied in the diagnosis, treatment effect assessment and disease monitoring [ 12 ]. Up to date, a series of studies have explored the diagnostic and prognostic value of various serum tumor markers for gastric cancer [ 5 ].…”

CA125, CEA, CA19-9, and Heteroploid Cells in Ascites Fluid May Help Diagnose Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in Patients with Gastrointestinal and Ovarian Malignancies

“…Serum tumor markers are widely used for diagnosis, treatment effect assessment, and disease monitoring. 9 However, few studies have explored the diagnostic value of tumor markers for PC in ascites fluid. Some researchers have argued that peritoneal fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has predictive value for PC and prognostic value in colorectal cancer.…”