Multi-drug Resistant and Extended Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Salmonella Species Isolated from Fresh Chicken Liver Samples

Abstract

Background Emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbes contaminating the fresh meat products is a global public health concern as they can be easily transmitted to humans through their consumption and contact.
 Objective The current study was conducted to determine the distribution of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella species isolated from fresh chicken liver samples with special emphasis on extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production.
 Method A total of 200 fresh chicken liver samples were cultivated for the isolation of Salmonella and further subcultivated to detect extended spectrum beta-lactamase production among them. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done by disk diffusion method using a panel of 7 antimicrobials.
 Result Out of 200 samples analyzed, 61 (30.5%) samples harbored Salmonella species out of which 15 (7.5%) samples showed the presence of Salmonella Typhi. A significant association was noted in the incidence of Salmonella with various factors pertaining to the butchers, such as age, sex, literacy rate, practices of washing knives and chopping board, wearing aprons and gloves and type of water used (p < 0.05). Salmonella isolates were highly sensitive to amikacin (82.0%) and least sensitive to tetracycline (3.3%). All the isolates were resistant to colistin. Sixty (98.4%) isolates were identified as multi-drug resistant (MDR). The total number of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers reported among Salmonella isolates was 29 (47.5%).
 Conclusion The results indicate that the fresh chicken liver samples sold in Bharatpur Metropolis are reservoirs of multi-drug resistant Salmonella, including extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers, that could potentially be transmitted to the humans by direct contact or through inadequate cooking.

Prevalence of CTX-M β-Lactamases Producing Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among Patients Attending Bir Hospital, Nepal

“…Although ESBL was discovered several decades ago, there have been troublesome to sort out organisms that are responsible for ESBL production due to several reasons such as difficulty in its detection and variability during reporting [7]. A large number of studies have reported the presence of ESBL producers in clinical [8][9][10] as well as nonclinical samples [11][12][13]. Nevertheless, some studies concluded E. coli and K. pneumoniae as the most crucial bacteria responsible for ESBL production [14,15].…”

Multidrug resistance, biofilm formation and detection of blaCTX-M and blaVIM genes in E. coli and Salmonella isolates from chutney served at the street-food stalls of Bharatpur, Nepal

“…Spread plate technique was performed using Plate count agar, Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar. The plates were aerobically incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and CFU/mL was determined [ 29 ].…”

“…Biofilm-producing bacteria, according to infectious disease experts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), could be responsible for 65% of all bacterial infections, compared to their free-floating counterparts [ 26 ]. Most importantly, production of biofilm, ESBL and MBL confer E. coli [ 14 , 27 ] as well as Salmonella [ [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ] with increased resistance towards an array of antibiotics; thereby, contributing to failures in the treatment of several infections.…”

Salmonella carriage and change in serovar distribution in broiler giblets at slaughterhouse level in Turkiye: first report using ISO 6579-1:2017 and ISO 6579-3:2014

“…In recent studies on the prevalence of Salmonella in poultry giblets obtained from slaughterhouse or retail stores; 2.2-59.40% of the livers ( Telli et al, 2018 ; Jung et al, 2019 ; Procura et al, 2019 ; Yüksel et al 2019 ; Adhikari et al 2020 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; Tohamy et al, 2022 ; Abdelhamed et al, 2023 ); 0 to 5% of hearts ( Acaröz et al, 2018 ; Telli et al, 2018 ); 8.10% of spleen samples ( Alcantara et al, 2022 ); and 0 to 20% of the gizzards ( Acaröz et al, 2018 ; Telli et al, 2018 ; Raji et al, 2021 ; Tohamy et al, 2022 ) were found to harbor the pathogen. When the studies involving serotyping were examined, the most frequently identified Salmonella serovars were reported as Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Virchow, Infantis, Schwarzengrund and Kentucky.…”