Multi-Months Cycles Observed in Climatic Data

Intrinsic vs. spurious long-range memory in high-frequency records of environmental radioactivity

“…For the purpose of estimating the PSD, there is a variety of methods available. In this work, we will restrict ourselves to two approaches: the time-averaged wavelet spectrogram (i.e., the mean of the time-frequency unfolding of the signal by means of continuous wavelet transform, CWT, evaluated individually at all time-scales) [45][46][47] and the maximum taper method (MTM) [48]. We refer to the corresponding references for detailed discussions of both methods.…”

Detecting of a Global and Caribbean Climate Change

“…A similar function was also used by Nicolay (2010) to represents a climate indicator. The variable ψ represents the induced climate change, which may have a step (17a) or a ramp function (17b) that starts when t=m+ .…”

“…Regression techniques can be used to estimate the parameters of the trend and the sinusoidal function. The Fourier-based method or a more accurate method based on wavelet techniques (Nicolay, et al, 2010) can be used to estimate the size of the required periods. The trend and periodic components are removed from the original time series to estimate the stochastic component, s .…”