Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence and Exposure Assessment Approach in Foodstuffs from Algeria

Mahdjoubi, Choukri Khelifa; Arroyo‐Manzanares, Natalia; Hamini-Kadar, Nisserine; Garcı́a-Campaña, Ana M.; Mebrouk, Kihel; Gámiz‐Gracia, Laura

doi:10.3390/toxins12030194

Cited by 70 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The other trichothecenes (3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON, NIV) were found sporadically, generally in samples showing a high DON contamination [ 69 , 70 ]. In 2020 year, a survey on 120 Algierian cereal samples (barley, maize, rice, and wheat grains) has been carried out to evaluate the presence of 15 mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1 and B2, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, fusarenon X, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, enniatins A, A1, B and B1, and beauvericin) by Mahdjoubi et al [ 70 ]. With this purpose, a QuEChERS-based extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were used.…”

Section: Trichothecenes In Food and Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T-2 toxin, citrinin, beauvericin, and deoxynivalenol were the most commonly found mycotoxins (frequency of 50%, 41.6%, 40.8%, and 33.3%, respectively). Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone registered high concentrations (48–2055 µg/kg and 10.4–579 µg/kg, respectively) [ 70 ]. Furthermore, concentrations higher than those allowed by the European Union (EU) were observed in 21, 8, and 1 sample for fumonisins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol, respectively.…”

Section: Trichothecenes In Food and Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, concentrations higher than those allowed by the European Union (EU) were observed in 21, 8, and 1 sample for fumonisins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol, respectively. These results pointed out the necessity of a consistent control and the definition of maximum allowed levels for mycotoxins in Algerian foodstuffs [ 70 ]. In addition, the results have pointed out the high co-occurrence of mycotoxins, as well as the high concentration (above the maximum allowed concentration) of some mycotoxins legislated in the EU in those cereals, posing a risk for consumers.…”

Section: Trichothecenes In Food and Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

Polak-Śliwińska

Paszczyk

2021

Molecules

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Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011–2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.

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Section: Trichothecenes In Food and Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trichothecenes In Food and Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trichothecenes In Food and Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

Polak-Śliwińska

Paszczyk

2021

Molecules

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“…Like the “traditional” mycotoxins, they are directly produced by molds and cover, for example, beauvericin (BEA), moniliformin, fusaproliferin, and enniatins, which can as well be produced by Fusarium species (Jestoi, 2008). In maize, particularly BEA, moniliformin, and fusaproliferin frequently occur (Ekwomadu et al., 2020; Jajić et al., 2019; Mahdjoubi et al., 2020; Scarpino, 2020). The toxicological actions and effects of emerging mycotoxins are so far less studied, but might include, for example, affection of the physiological concentrations of cations, disturbance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, cytotoxicity, and/or teratogenicity (for an overview, see Jestoi, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fate of mycotoxins during secondary food processing of maize for human consumption

Schaarschmidt

Fauhl-Hassek

2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites that are associated with health hazards and are widespread in cereals including maize. The most common mycotoxins in maize that occur at relatively high levels are fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone, and aflatoxins; furthermore, other mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A are frequently present in maize. For these toxins, maximum levels are laid down in the European Union (EU) for maize raw materials and maize‐based foods. The current review article gives a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins (including mycotoxins not regulated by EU law) and their fate during secondary processing of maize, based on the data published in the scientific literature. Furthermore, potential compliance with the EU maximum levels is discussed where appropriate. In general, secondary processing can impact mycotoxins in various ways. Besides changes in mycotoxin levels due to fractionation, dilution, and/or concentration, mycotoxins can be affected in their chemical structure (causing degradation or modification) or be released from or bound to matrix components. In the current review, a special focus is set on the effect on mycotoxins caused by different heat treatments, namely, baking, roasting, frying, (pressure) cooking, and extrusion cooking. Production processes involving multiple heat treatments are exemplified with the cornflakes production. For that, potential compliance with FB maximum levels was assessed. Moreover, effects of fermentation of maize matrices and production of maize germ oil are covered by this review.

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“…Significant differences in the contamination pattern were observed between the agricultural regions and maize types. Finally, the presence of 15 mycotoxins in 120 cereal samples (including barley, maize, rice, and wheat) from Algeria is evaluated by Mahdjoubi et al [13]. Analytical results show that 78 cereal samples (65%) were contaminated with at least one toxin, while 50% were contaminated with three to nine mycotoxins, T-2 toxin, CIT, BEA, and DON being the most frequently found.…”

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confidence: 99%

Application of LC–MS/MS in the Mycotoxins Studies

Gámiz‐Gracia

Garcı́a-Campaña

Arroyo‐Manzanares

2020

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of different species (mainly Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium) with toxic effects for humans and animals that can contaminate food and feed. Notifications on the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) concerning mycotoxins are becoming frequent, being among the "top 10" hazards reported on food products, mainly cereals and nuts [1]. The European Union (EU), among others, has established maximum permitted or recommended levels for several mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AF) B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), HT-2 and T-2 toxins, or citrinin (CIT) in different food commodities [2]. However, there are other mycotoxins not included in regulations, the so-called "emerging mycotoxins", whose toxicity is still not clear, that could also pose a risk to humans and animals. This group includes Alternaria toxins, sterigmatocystin (STC), phomopsins, and Fusarium toxins as enniatins (ENN) or beauvericin (BEA), among others [3]. Moreover, the so-called "modified or masked mycotoxins" (produced as a consequence of a detoxification strategy of the host plant of the fungus or during food processing) could be equally or even more toxic than the original mycotoxin, and should also be taken into account [4].All these facts make it necessary to develop analytical methods for the accurate determination of mycotoxins in different food matrices and feeds. In this sense, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool for the unique identification and quantification of analytes. Moreover, the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allows the identification of novel mycotoxins and targeted/untargeted approaches for their study.This Special Issue is dedicated to recent applications of LC-MS/MS in mycotoxin studies, including the development and validation of new analytical methods for their identification and quantification in different food matrices and feed, occurrence studies and biomonitoring of mycotoxins, and their metabolites in biological fluids.Although most of the papers propose methods for the simultaneous determination of several mycotoxins, Bertuzzi et al. focus their work on the improvement of determination of moniliformin (MON) by adding lanthanide ions to the mobile phase during chromatographic separation [5]. MON is weakly retained in reversed-phase chromatography, making the separation difficult. The addition of La 3+ , Tb 3+ or Eu 3+ to the mobile phase is investigated, improving peak shape and MON separation, probably due to the formation of coordination complexes lanthanide-MON. After extraction and purification, the method is applied to the determination of MON in maize and wheat samples.The potential of LC-MS/MS for multi-mycotoxin determination in different food matrices is shown in different contributions of this Special Issue. For instance, Guo et al. propose a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, an...

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Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence and Exposure Assessment Approach in Foodstuffs from Algeria

Cited by 70 publications

References 46 publications

Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

The fate of mycotoxins during secondary food processing of maize for human consumption

Application of LC–MS/MS in the Mycotoxins Studies

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