Multi O- and S-isotopes as tracers of black crusts formation under volcanic and non-volcanic atmospheric conditions in Sicily (Italy)

Abstract

isotopes as tracers of black crusts formation under volcanic and non-volcanic atmospheric conditions in Sicily (Italy),

Study on the mechanism of the black crust formation on the ancient marble sculptures and the effect of pollution in Beijing area

“…According to the morphological results, there are a large number of idiomorphic gypsum crystals on the crusts, with bigger size than PM 10 and PM 2.5 . Therefore, it is probable that the gypsum is not from the deposition of atmospheric sulphate but rather from reaction between the carbonate and sulfur compounds, which is consistent with isotopic data (Genot et al, 2020;Aroskay et al, 2021).…”

“…As a result, frequent sulphation process occurs on the marble surface in this period, demonstrated in Figure 9. SiO 2 oxidation by O 2 with metal ion catalysts also contributes to the sulphation (Aroskay et al, 2021), since Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, et al can be detected in the rainwater (Vlastos et al, 2019) and crusts.…”

“…Researchers tried to understand the whole process better through studying black crusts from different places, such as the Seville Cathedral (Ruffolo et al, 2015), the Oceanus statue of the Fontana di Trevi (Rome) (La Russa et al, 2017), Halberstadt church (Germany) (Farkas et al, 2018), the Triumphal Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki, Greece (Samara et al, 2020), the cathedral of Monza (Comite et al, 2020), the Punta Begona Galleries (Garcí a-Florentino et al, 2020), and so on. Meanwhile, different methods including spectrometric analysis (Nord and Ericsson, 1993;Potgieter-Vermaak et al, 2005;B Belfiore et al, 2013;Lamhasni et al, 2019), microscopic characterization (Pozo-Antonio et al, 2017), Chemical-Thermal quantitative methodology (Bonazza et al, 2005;Nadia et al, 2006), trace elements examination (Russa et al, 2013;Samara et al, 2020), sulphur and oxygen isotope analysis (Rivas et al, 2014;Genot et al, 2020;Aroskay et al, 2021) were used to figure out microstructure, chemical features and pollution sources of the black crusts.…”

Toward the Origins of Quadruple Sulfur Isotope Anomalies in Modern Sulfate: A Multitracer Approach and Implications for Paleo- and Planetary Atmospheres

“…Based on the possible production of S-MIF in sulfur recombination reactions that may occur in gaseous thermochemical reactions such as combustion and volcanism, it is further argued that similar processes may occur in Archean, providing additional non-photochemical S-MIF processes that may need to be considered in interpreting Archean data. , This idea was preliminarily tested by physical chemistry experiments and atmospheric chemistry models . Subsequent multiple sulfur isotope measurements of modern sulfate aerosols however found that Δ 33 S anomalies are also correlated with mineral dusts. − It was preliminarily proposed that heterogeneous sulfur reactions account for such Δ 33 S anomalies, but Δ 33 S signs among different follow-up studies are different. − A deep mechanistic understanding on the possible chemical reaction that may lead to Δ 33 S anomalies is useful for using Δ 33 S to identify and quantify any missing sulfate formation pathway in the modern atmosphere with profound implications for air pollution and climate change. − …”

Multi-analytical study of the medieval wall paintings from the rupestrian church Grotta del Crocifisso at Lentini (eastern Sicily): new evidence of the use of woad (Isatis tinctoria)

“…Among the identified alteration and degradation products, sulphates predominate, specifically gypsum and syngenite. The authigenic precipitation of gypsum on carbonate stone is due to the chemical reaction between sulphate (SO 4 2- ) and calcite (CaCO 3 ), with various possible origins of the sulphate anion from anthropogenic sources, marine aerosols, and also by volcanic emissions since the Etna volcano is only about 50 km from Lentini (Aroskay et al 2021 and references therein). On the other hand, syngenite originates on calcareous substrate through the hydrolytic mobilisation of alkaline metals from volcanic glass in the presence of percolating solutions enriched in sulphate anions.…”