Multi-objective layout optimization of a generic hybrid-cooled data centre blade server

Sakanova, Assel; Alimohammadi, Sajad; McEvoy, Jaakko; Battaglioli, Sara; Persoons, Tim

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.04.071

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…et al (2019) recommend increasing the flow rate and the outlet server temperature will increase cooling performance[29]. This study determines this would decrease useable recoverable heat and to increase useable heat recovery.…”

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confidence: 89%

Techno-Economic and Sustainability Analysis of Potential Cooling Methods in Irish Data Centres

Gibbons¹,

Persoons²,

Alimohammadi³

2021

JECTC

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11% of Irish electricity was consumed by data centres in 2020. The Irish data centre industry and the cooling methods utilised require reformative actions in the coming years to meet EU Energy policies. The resell of heat, alternative cooling methods or carbon reduction methods are all possibilities to conform to these policies. This study aims to determine the viability of the resell of waste heat from data centres both technically and economically. This was determined using a novel application of thermodynamics to determine waste heat recovery potential in Irish data centres, and the current methods of heat generation for economical comparison. This paper also explores policy surrounding waste heat recovery within the industry. The Recoverable Carnot Equivalent Power (RCEP) is theoretically calculated for the three potential cooling methods for Irish data centres. These are air, hybrid, and immersion cooling techniques. This is the maximum useable heat that can be recovered from a data centre rack. This study is established under current operating conditions which are optimised for cooling performance, that air cooling has the highest potential RCEP of 0.39 kW/rack. This is approximately 8% of the input electrical power that can be captured as useable heat. Indicating that Irish data centres have the energy potential to be heat providers in the Irish economy. This study highlighted the technical and economic aspects of prevalent cooling techniques and determined air cooling heat recovery cost can be reduced to 0.01 €/kWh th using offsetting. This is financially competitive with current heating solutions in Ireland.

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confidence: 89%

Techno-Economic and Sustainability Analysis of Potential Cooling Methods in Irish Data Centres

Gibbons¹,

Persoons²,

Alimohammadi³

2021

JECTC

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“…Servers are an important component of data centers, but they are also the main power consumers. On the one hand, fans can be used to adjust the airflow through the server to improve heat dissipation; on the other hand, on the information and communication equipment side, intelligently activating certain servers and setting other servers into sleep mode can help minimize server power consumption (Sakanova et al, 2019).…”

Section: Server Level Cooling Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Cooling Solutions for High Power Server CPUs with Pulsating Heat Pipe Technology: Review

2021

Front. Energy Res.

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Data centers are becoming more powerful and more integrated with the continuous development of smart cities, which brings us more technological convenience, but also generates a large amount of waste heat. At present, the efficient and green cooling scheme is one of the key researches and development points to ensure the stable and safe operation of power electronic devices and achieve energy saving and consumption reduction. As a branch of the heat pipe, the pulsating heat pipe is one of most promising passive cooling techniques among many candidates for its unique advantages such as small size, simple and compact structure, and high heat dissipation efficiency, but its application in data centers just begins, and there are few reports on research and implementation. Based on the introduction of the basic structure, working mechanism and outstanding advantages of pulsating heat pipes, this paper reviews in detail the researches on the factors affecting its performance, so as to evaluate the possibility of using pulsating heat pipes in data centers. Finally, the latest application and development of pulsating heat pipes applied to heat dissipation of high-power CPUs are summarized, which can provide a guidance for subsequent research and engineering application.

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“…An energy-efficient solution for data centers is hybrid cooling. Hybrid cooling implements concentrated hot spot cooling (liquid) for high heat-generating components (microprocessors and DIMM memory modules) and air cooling for low power components (power supplies, storage disk drives, printed circuit boards) [10][11][12]. Hybrid cooling systems have demonstrated energy savings of up to 30% [10].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Hybrid cooling implements concentrated hot spot cooling (liquid) for high heat-generating components (microprocessors and DIMM memory modules) and air cooling for low power components (power supplies, storage disk drives, printed circuit boards) [10][11][12]. Hybrid cooling systems have demonstrated energy savings of up to 30% [10]. However, while the use of liquid cooling is expected to increase, air cooling remains the most widespread solution [13], with further optimization potential.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Also, heat recovery potential was improved, as the average outlet temperature was increased by 7C. Nonetheless, to perform a thorough optimization study, algorithms such as MOGA (Multiple Objective Genetic Algorithm) need to be applied [10,25,26]. These kinds of optimization strategies compare the results of dozens or hundreds of simulations, gradually tuning different parameters to achieve the best solution based on the selected objectives.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Simplified Steady-State Representation of Slot Synthetic Jet Actuators to Enable Numerical Optimization With Steady RANS Simulations

Battaglioli

James

Gibbons

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Compon., Packag. Manufact. Technol.

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To address the growing energy use of data centers, waste heat recuperation offers a solution to better integrate these facilities into the broader energy system, thus facilitating a transition to the decarbonization of the energy system. The use of liquid coolants for full immersion cooling or local heat extraction from high power density components is considered for this purpose. However, heat can also be extracted by novel air cooling approaches, perhaps in combination with localized liquid cooling. To optimize heat extraction from air-cooled systems and maximize the heat grade, synthetic jets can be used for targeted adaptive cooling in conjunction with air ducting to facilitate maximum heat recuperation potential in rack or server-mounted air-to-liquid heat exchangers. Internal server layouts can be optimized numerically, e.g., using a multiple objective genetic algorithm approach based on minimization of entropy generation rates.However, since synthetic jets are inherently transient flow phenomena, this would require transient flow simulations, which form a bottleneck in a numerical optimization loop. This research aims to develop a simplified steady-state representation of a synthetic jet actuator (SJA) with slot orifice using a localized body force to generate a similar time-averaged flow field to a real SJA, suitable for steady Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes simulations within a numerical optimization loop. Both flow fields are compared in terms of the mean flow field, jet spreading rate, and turbulence intensity distributions.

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Multi-objective layout optimization of a generic hybrid-cooled data centre blade server

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Techno-Economic and Sustainability Analysis of Potential Cooling Methods in Irish Data Centres

Techno-Economic and Sustainability Analysis of Potential Cooling Methods in Irish Data Centres

Passive Cooling Solutions for High Power Server CPUs with Pulsating Heat Pipe Technology: Review

Simplified Steady-State Representation of Slot Synthetic Jet Actuators to Enable Numerical Optimization With Steady RANS Simulations

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