Multi Scale Analysis of the Retting and Process Effect on the Properties of Flax Bio-Based Composites

Abstract

This research aimed to evaluate, at different scales (technical flax fiber, fiber band and flax composites, bio-based composites), the effect of retting and processing parameters on the biochemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of flax-epoxy bio-based materials. On the technical flax fiber scale, a biochemical alteration of the fiber was observed as the retting increased (a decrease of the soluble fraction from 10.4 ± 0.2 to 4.5 ± 1.2% and an increase of the holocellulose fractions). This finding was associated with the degradation of the middle lamella, favoring the individualization of the flax fibers observed at retting (+). A direct link was established between the biochemical alteration of technical flax fibers and their associated mechanical properties (decrease of the ultimate modulus 69.9 to 43.6 GPa and maximum stress from 702 to 328 MPa). On the flax band scale, the mechanical properties are driven by the interface quality between the technical fibers. The highest maximum stresses were reached at level retting (0) with 26.68 MPa, which is lower compared to technical fiber. On the bio-based composites scale, setup 3 (T = 160 ∘C) and the high retting level (+) are the most relevant for a better mechanical response of flax bio-based materials.

Hemp Fibres: Essentials, Composites or Nanocomposites and Technical Applications

“…The synchrotron and neutrons irradiation were used to detect the formation and changes in the hydrogen bonding, molecular and crystal structure of hemp fibres. It was observed that the hemp sample efficiently diffracted the synchrotron X-rays and neutrons up to 1 Å resolution [94], [95]. The sustainability and biodegradability of hemp materials have further supported the interacting capability of these materials with synchrotron X-rays and neutron radiations [96]- [98].…”