“…Compared with conventional edge-emitting lasers, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have the advantages of single longitudinal mode excitation, high electro-optical efficiency, easy integration of two-dimensional light-emitting arrays, low cost, spot symmetry, and fast current response [1][2][3] . These advantages make them extremely valuable in optical communication, 3D sensing, AR/VR technology, and especially lidar ranging (LiDAR) [4,5] applications.…”