Multicystic Autoimmune Thyroiditis–like Disease Associated with HIV Infection

Assessment of the Factors Involving in the Development of Hypothyroidism in HIV-infected Patients: A Case-Control Study

“…Before the HAART era, pneumocystis jiroveci was the most common HIV-associated thyroid infection, and cytomegalovirus, M. tuberculosis, M. avium complex, were less common causes of infectious thyroiditis [10,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. These observations predate HAART.…”

“…Treatment of HIV infected patients with highly active antiretroviral drugs (HAART), especially with stavudine [1,8,9,11], increase in total cholesterol serum levels after HAART initiation [2], and history of opportunistic infections [3] is among contributors of subclinical hypothyroidism. Drugs like rifampin, Kaposi's sarcoma, and mycobacterial infections may additionally impair thyroid function [10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Cytological Features of a Lymphoepithelial Cyst Collected from Fine Needle Aspiration of the Thyroid Gland That Mimicked Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case Report

“…Previous reports about LEC-T focused on its histological and sonographic findings, and almost all cases demonstrated benign sonographic findings with rare calcification[4,5]. Otherwise, previous reports of cytological features of LEC-T on FNAC were sparsely documented and simple, despite the practical usefulness of FNAC today[3][4][5].The key feature of the present case is squamous metaplasia with a lymphocytic background. Large syncytial clusters or small solid nests of squamous epithelial cells and clusters of lymphoid cells were closely mixed (Fig.…”

“…Since the first report of a LEC-T in 1989, its histological resemblance to branchial cleft cysts and embryological branchial cleft derivatives in the thyroid, thymus, and parathyroid have led to general consensus of its branchial origin [2]. Although there have been several reports of histological and immunohistochemical findings of LEC-T [1], its cytological characteristics have been described in only a few reports [3][4][5]. Herein, we describe the cytological findings on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of a 54-year-old woman with LEC-T mimicking papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).…”

The cytology of HIV‐induced immunosuppression. Changing pattern of disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

“…US showed complex thyroid cysts. The patient had a high thyroid antibody titre and FNAC features of lymphocytic thyroiditis 40 …”