Multidimensional capillary electrophoresis

Abstract

Multidimensional separation where two or more orthogonal displacement mechanisms are combined is a promising approach to increase peak capacity in CE. The combinations allow dramatic improvement of analytical performance since the total peak capacity is given by a product of the peak capacities of all methods. The initial reports were concentrated on the construction of effective connections between capillaries for 2D analysis. Today, 2D and 3D CE systems are now able to separate real complex biological or environmental mixtures with good repeatability, improved resolution with minimal loss of sample. This review will present the developments in the field of multidimensional CE during the last 15 years. The endeavors in this specific field were on the development of interfaces, interface-free techniques including integrated separations, microdevices, and on-line sample concentration techniques to improve detection sensitivity.

Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2015–mid 2017)

“…When these 2D systems are on‐line coupled with MS or tandem MS detection, then supra‐powerful multidimensional systems are obtained capable to identify hundreds up to few thousands of peptides/proteins in the above complex biomatrices . The fact that 2D and multidimensional CE separations represent a hot topic in separation science is reflected by several recent reviews describing current state in this rapidly developing area . In this section, only few examples will be presented.…”

Analysis of proteins and peptides by electromigration methods in microchips

“…Multidimensional separations [77,78] combine two or more separation methods with different selectivities. They possess much higher peak capacity and thus substantially improve separation of complex mixtures of peptides and proteins, such as biofluids, tissue extracts, and cell lysates.…”

Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomic and peptidomic analyses

“…Besides 1D CE, also 2D CE approaches for bottom‐up proteomic analysis have been proposed . Recent reviews give an overview of different coupling strategies and detection methods, and also of applications of various multidimensional CE methods .…”