Multielement neutron activation analysis of biological material using chemical group separations and high-resolution gamma spectrometry

Neutron activation techniques for the measurement of trace metals in environmental samples

“…Many procedures for determining Cd in biological tissue have been reported: Lieberman and Kramer (1970); Das and de Vries (1971); Livingston et al (1967); Ljunggren et al (1971); Lucas(1970, 1971); Samsahl et al (1968); Morrison and Potter (1972).…”

“…Four other separation schemes (Morrison and Potter, 1972;Livingston et al, 1967;Lucas, 1970, 1971;Samsahl et al, 1968) use anion exchange as the key to Cd separation. Cadmium forms very strong chloro-complexes which persist until very low HCl concentrations and the complexes are firmly bound to Dowex 1 or 2, or Amberlite IRA-400 anion exchange resins in the CI form.…”

“…Approximately 18 trace elements can be measured in most marine organisms by INAA, including the potential pollutant elements Hg, Ag, As, Sb, Zn, and Se (Haller et al,1969;Morrison and Potter, 1972;Nadkarni and Ehman, 1970;Ranticelli et al, 1969;Robertson et al, 1972). Cadmium and chromium are present in most biological tissues at concentrations just under their INAA detection limits, but can be measured in some specimens when their concentrations exceed about 1 and 0.1 yg/gm dry weight, respectively.…”

Identification of Trace Elements in Bovine Metacarpus Bone by Spectro Chemical Analysis

“…The demand for high-quality complete chemical data on bone can only become greater with increased bone use and bone products use, in order to establish reliability and comparability of analytical data some standards and guidelines are required. The analysis of trace heavy elements in animal bone by spectro chemical analysis has been studied although currently, there exists a number of multiple procedures with major use made of neutron activation analysis [1] , X-ray fluorescence [2] , emission spectroscopy [3] , and spark-source mass spectrometry [4] . Spectro chemical Analysis method with its capability for low detection limits, mineral sample requirements and moderately accessible instrumentation, renders it increasingly useful for multiple-element bioassay in various media.…”

Multielement Photon Activation Analysis of Rock Materials with 30 MeV Bremsstrahlung

“…In thermal neutron activation analysis, however, the number of the elements determinable by a non-destructive technique is limited because of high swamping activities either from abundant elements or trace elements with high thermal neutron capture cross sections such as manganese, sodium, scandium and cobalt. This approach could only be realised when a strictly instrumental technique was introduced in sequential activation procedures [13] or when chemical group separations were combined with high-resolution gamma-spectrometry [14,15].…”