Multienzymatic Cascade Reactions via Enzyme Complex by Immobilization

Abstract

Multienzymatic cascade reactions are a most important technology to succeed in industrial process development, such as synthesis of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional compounds. Different strategies to construct multienzyme structures have been widely reported. Enzymes complexes are designed by three types of routes: (i) fusion proteins, (ii) enzyme scaffolds, or (iii) immobilization. As a result, enzyme complexes can enhance cascade enzymatic activity through substrate channeling. In particular, recent advances in materials science have led to syntheses of various materials applicable for enzyme immobilization. This review discusses different cases for assembling multienzyme complexes via random co-immobilization, compartmentalization, and positional co-immobilization. The advantages of using immobilized multienzymes include not only improved cascade enzymatic activity via substrate channeling but also enhanced enzyme stability and ease of recovery for reuse. In this review, we also consider the latest studies of different model enzyme reactions immobilized on various support materials, as multienzyme systems allow for economical product synthesis through bioprocesses.

Three‐Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade Immobilized on Solid Support for Biocatalytic Synthesis of Cello−oligosaccharides

“…Traditionally, enzyme recycling is handled through immobilization on solid supports . Such technology is well developed for single enzymes but is not similarly advanced for enzyme ensembles …”

“…Immobilization of multiple enzymes can be achieved by immobilizing the enzymes individually, each on its own suited support, or by co‐immobilization of all the enzymes used on a single support . Co‐immobilization approaches can be further distinguished according to whether the principle used for immobilization is enzyme‐specific or uniform .…”

“…Immobilization of multiple enzymes can be achieved by immobilizing the enzymes individually, each on its own suited support, or by co‐immobilization of all the enzymes used on a single support . Co‐immobilization approaches can be further distinguished according to whether the principle used for immobilization is enzyme‐specific or uniform . Thoughtful comparisons of the benefits and drawbacks of immobilization strategies for multiple enzymes have been presented in comprehensive reviews, and successful applications of each principal type of immobilization approach have been reported .…”

“…Co‐immobilization approaches can be further distinguished according to whether the principle used for immobilization is enzyme‐specific or uniform . Thoughtful comparisons of the benefits and drawbacks of immobilization strategies for multiple enzymes have been presented in comprehensive reviews, and successful applications of each principal type of immobilization approach have been reported . Generally, immobilization of multiple enzymes on the same carrier may be useful to exploit the effects of spatial proximity .…”

“…Thoughtful comparisons of the benefits and drawbacks of immobilization strategies for multiple enzymes have been presented in comprehensive reviews, and successful applications of each principal type of immobilization approach have been reported . Generally, immobilization of multiple enzymes on the same carrier may be useful to exploit the effects of spatial proximity . “Individualized” strategies of enzyme immobilization facilitate enzyme‐specific optimization of activity or stability .…”