“…Other natural materials, including native fibrin ( Du et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Razavi et al, 2021 ), collagen ( Saeki et al, 2018 ; Yao et al, 2018 ; He et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Zheng et al, 2021 ), keratin ( Apel et al, 2008 ; Lin et al, 2012 ; Pace et al, 2014 ), alginate ( Lin et al, 2017 ; Rahmati et al, 2021 ; Abdelbasset et al, 2022 ), chitin ( Bak et al, 2017 ; Lu C. F. et al, 2021 ; Yang et al, 2022b ), chitosan ( Li et al, 2018 ; Vishnoi et al, 2019 ), and silk fibroin ( Carvalho et al, 2021 ; Kim et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2020), as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) ( Li T. et al, 2021 ; Kong et al, 2021 ; Kong et al, 2022 ), have shown great potential in treating long gap nerve defects. For instance, Wang et al prepared a nerve catheter using chitosan/chitin to achieve excellent angiogenesis in nerve regeneration process for successfully repairing the 10 mm sciatic nerve defect in rats ( Wang et al, 2016 ).…”