Multifunctional MXene-Based Bioactive Materials for Integrated Regeneration Therapy

Abstract

The reconstruction engineering of tissue defects accompanied by major diseases including cancer, infection, and inflammation is one of the important challenges in clinical medicine. The development of innovative tissue engineering strategies such as multifunctional bioactive materials presents a great potential to overcome the challenge of disease-impaired tissue regeneration. As the major representative of two-dimensional nanomaterials, MXenes have shown multifunctional physicochemical properties and have been diffusely studied as multimodal nanoplatforms in the field of biomedicine. This review summarized the recent advances in the multifunctional properties of MXenes and integrated regeneration-therapy applications of MXene-based biomaterials, including tissue regeneration-tumor therapy, tissue regeneration-infection therapy, and tissue regeneration-inflammation therapy. MXenes have been recognized as good candidates for promoting tissue regeneration and treating diseases through photothermal therapy, regulating cell behavior, and drug and gene delivery. The current challenges and future perspectives of MXene-based biomaterials in integrated regeneration-therapy are also discussed well in this review. In summary, MXene-based biomaterials have shown promising potential for integrated tissue regeneration and disease treatment due to their favorable physicochemical properties and bioactive functions. However, there are still many obstacles and challenges that must be addressed for the regeneration-therapy applications of MXene-based biomaterials, including understanding the bioactive mechanism, ensuring long-term biosafety, and improving their targeting therapy capacity.

Multifunctional MXene-Based Platforms for Soft and Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering

“…Bone scaffolds based on MXene materials can provide a favorable microenvironment for bone cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. The high surface area and unique surface chemistry of MXenes promote cellular interactions and the deposition of bone-forming minerals, facilitating the regeneration of bone tissue. , MXene-based scaffolds can also be loaded with bioactive molecules, such as growth factors or osteogenic agents, to further enhance bone regeneration. Notably, the antibacterial properties of MXenes can help to prevent infection, a common complication in bone regeneration procedures. , …”

“…Third, MXene-based platforms possess suitable antibacterial properties, mitigating the risk of infection. Lastly, their tunable surface chemistry enables the controlled release of therapeutic agents, facilitating localized drug delivery. ,, While MXene-based platforms hold immense potential, they also have certain limitations. Their mechanical strength should be improved to provide adequate support during tissue regeneration.…”

“…With their unique properties and versatile natures, they present exciting opportunities for addressing challenges in regenerative medicine. Their biocompatibility, electrical conductivity, surface functionalizability, antibacterial properties, three-dimensional (3D) printability, biodegradability, high surface area, hydrophilicity, excellent thermal/mechanical properties, metal conductivity, rich electronic density, imaging capabilities, and immunomodulatory effects contribute to their potential in advancing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. ,, Ongoing research aims to improve their mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and long-term stability. Researchers are also exploring the integration of MXene-based platforms with other (bio)­materials, such as polymers and hydrogels, to improve their mechanical properties and overall performance .…”

“…Notably, by employing straightforward techniques, derivatives of MXene hydrogels, like aerogels, can be acquired, thereby broadening their range of applications . Furthermore, the development of bioactive coatings on MXene surfaces can facilitate enhanced cellular interactions and tissue integration. , With additional explorations, novel MXene-based platforms can be designed to develop regenerative and personalized medicine.…”

Osteogenic Microenvironment Restoration around Dental Implants Induced by an Injectable MXene-Based Hydrogel

“…Furthermore, MXene has shown great potential in drug delivery, making it an important application in therapy. As a versatile two-dimensional material, MXene demonstrates favorable performance in tissue regeneration therapy and tissue regeneration-inflammation therapy. , Consequently, MXene is increasingly recognized as an excellent candidate for biomedical platforms.…”