Multifunctional nanodrug performs sonodynamic therapy and inhibits TGF-β to boost immune response against colorectal cancer and liver metastasis

Nanotechnology‐Empowered Combination Cancer Immunotherapies: Mechanisms, Synergies, and Perspectives

“…Huang et al prepared nanomedicines encapsulated with a sonosensitizer Ce6 and a transforming growth factor‐β receptor inhibitor galunisertib (Gal) to improve ICB‐based immunotherapy. [ 58 ] Ce6 exerted an ultrasound irradiation SDT effect after being delivered to the tumor, and Gal inhibited the proliferation of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and reduced the number of T‐regulatory cells (Tregs), and the natural barrier of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was broken, synergistically promoting the infiltration of CTLs into the tumor. As a result, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment was successfully reversed and the immunotherapeutic effect of α‐PD‐L1 antibody was enhanced.…”

Nanomaterials augmented bioeffects of ultrasound in cancer immunotherapy

“…Among them, TGF-β not only stimulates cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to produce collagen, forming a natural barrier for CTLs infiltration, but also inhibits the differentiation of CTLs and the maturation of DCs, resulting in poor immunotherapy effect. In order to transform “immune cold” tumor into “immune hot” tumor, Huang et al [ 157 ] prepared a nanodrug NCG that encapsulated TGF-β inhibitor galunisertib (Gal) and Ce6. On the one hand, NCG-mediated SDT produced ROS, which caused ICD, and activated the innate T lymphocyte immune response through immune stimulation signals such as CRT and HMGB1.…”

Strategies to Reverse Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment for Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy

“…Strategies that generate ROS, such as SDT, can transform the cold tumor immune microenvironment into a hot one by inducing cancer immunogenic cell death (ICD). [ 6 ] During ICD, the dying or apoptotic tumor cells release the danger‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which stimulate the infiltration of the inflammatory cells, the maturation of the antigen‐presenting cells, and the promotion of an immune response. [ 150 ] T cells undergo cell differentiation, resulting in the activation of effector T cells and the establishment of memory T cells.…”

“…[ 3 ] Nowadays, SDT has been used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, [ 4 ] breast cancer, [ 5 ] and colorectal cancer. [ 6 ] Researchers have made significant efforts to expand the applications of SDT to combat more challenging diseases, such as solid tumors, [ 7 ] Alzheimer's disease, [ 8 ] and atherosclerosis. [ 9 ]…”